Natural Science Study Guide

Time Determining the age of the earth: Identify the methods used for determining the age of the earth, what each method reveals, and when It Is appropriate to use each of them. Including: Principles of uniformity, Horizontally, Superimposition and Cross cutting relationships Erosion, Deposits and unconformity Radiometric dating, Carbon 14 Dating & use of the Geomagnetic Timescale Fossils: Define and differentiate between Paleontology and Archaeology Define fossils and identify/describe the different types that are commonly found.Explain the processes elated to the forming of various types of fossils (e. G. Molds & casts, how Petrified fossils are formed) Geological Time Scale: Eons: Identify the Eons and their associated major events. Eras: Identify the eras and their associated major events. Periods: Identify the various periods, their relationships to each other and the Eras, and their associated major events. Key will be to identify what does/doesn't belong in each time period. Ex ample 1: â€Å"What type of Organism would you NOT expect to see during the Devotion period?A) insects, B) plants growing on land, C) Jailers fishes, D) Mammals. Example 2: During which Era did the Dinosaurs dominate the land? A) Cenozoic, B) Mesozoic, C) Paleozoic, D) Permian. (Note, why, if included would Jurassic NOT be the correct answer? Think about it†¦ ) Video: How the Earth was Made What evidence did the â€Å"Burgess Shale† reveal? What effect did rolling Oxygen levels have on life In the oceans and on land? How were the coal deposits formed? When did the largest extinction of life ( >90%) occur and what do researchers think caused it?What emerged as the dominant species after this mass extinction? What is the relationship between diamonds and volcanoes? What do researchers believe killed off the dinosaurs? (hint, it's NOT the same thing that caused the largest extinction! ). What evidence is there to support this hypothesis? What is the â€Å"Tombstone Layer? † What group emerged as the dominant species after the dinosaurs went extinct? Why? What do Glaciers have to do with rock formations in Central Park? From: What Darwin Never Knew Video his start at being a naturalist? How did he develop his idea of â€Å"Decent with modification? What was the evidence that he used? What was Darning's view of â€Å"natural selection† and how it worked? What evidence did the â€Å"pocket mouse† of Arizona provide when the researchers started examining its genome? What did the â€Å"Human Genome† project reveal about our species relative to others, such as chickens, flies, corn, mice and monkeys? What is revealed through the process of embryonic development that supports the theory that we all have a common ancestor? What are Body Plan, switch and boss genes? What do they do? What evidence do we have of their roles and how they work?How did the researchers investigate them and what did their research reveal? What are the br oader implications of these findings? Evolution & Natural Selection: Chapter 21 Define and differentiate between Evolution and Natural Selection. What is natural selection and what role does it play in Evolution? Explain what is meant by â€Å"Survival of the fittest† (hint, it doesn't necessarily mean being the â€Å"strongest† or most athletic). Identify, and explain the various sources of genetic variability and the roles they play in evolution. What are â€Å"acquired† traits?How are they acquired and what effect do they have on evolution? What has to happen for advantages genes to be passed on to the next generation? What is the science of Epigenetic revealing about the interaction between the environment and our inherited genes (as well as what we pass on)? Natural Selection: Describe the role of â€Å"selecting agents† in natural selection and evolution. Be prepared to provide or identify examples of traits that can be (or have been) selected †Å"For† or â€Å"Against. † **What does the Hardy-Weinberg model represent and how is it used?For the Null Hypothesis of this model to be correct (I. E. No changes is occurring), a number of conditions MUST be met. Identify the conditions, explain what it would take to violate these conditions, and provide evidence and or examples f what happens in the â€Å"real world. † Does the â€Å"real world† fit this model? Why or why not? What are the implications of the Hardy-Weinberg model for Evolution? What evidence do we have that Evolution occurs in small steps. Explain not only the evidence, but how each example provides support for, or ties into the theory of Evolution.

Digital Natives and Social Media

Abstract  emma  Conference  2013   Bournemouth  University Digital  Natives  and  Social  Media An Empirical Study about the Importance of Social Media and its Impact on   Media Communication Author(s)   Prof. Dr. Mike Friedrichsen Stuttgart Media University Media Business and Media Economics [email  protected]? stuttgart. de (email for correspondence! ) Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Muhl? Benninghaus Humboldt University Berlin Department CulturalAn Empirical Study about the Importance of Social Media and itsImpact on Media Communication Keywords:   Digital Natives, Social Media, Social Networking, Media Communication, Flow of Information, Use of Social Media Digital Natives are the generation born during or after the general introduction of digital technology. While individuals from elder generations recall organizing, planning and interacting withone another without mobile devices, computers or the Internet, Digital Natives have been using these technologies since th eir early years.They  are  the  same,  but   different  to  previous  generations. Digital   Natives   have   an   inherent   understanding   of   digital   technologies,   as   they’ve   been   integrated  into  their  lives  since  early  childhood. They  are  part  of  a  tech? savvy  generation  at   the   forefront   of   technological   progress   and   want   to   be   connected   when   they   wish,   from   anywhere. Now  graduated  from  secondary  education,  the  first  generation  of  Digital  Natives   is  entering  the  working  world  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  and  transforming  it  at  a  fast  pace. Technology   has   been   integrated   into   the   lives   of   Digital   Natives

Early learning studies Essay

In the first five years of life, a child has gone through rapid development in physical, cognitive, and social/emotional characteristics. Around the time these children start kindergarten, their growth has slowed down. However, it is still vital for the kindergarten teacher to know how their students have developed and what they can do to further develop their students as a whole. According to â€Å"Educating Children in Nursery Schools and Kindergartens† by Lillian L. Gore, by the age of 5 children are learning how to relate to others in a positive manner. This skill forms the basis of all human relations (16). In general, kindergarten-aged children are beginning to develop their own self image and their likes and interests through sensory and other experiences (Gore 16). To a kindergarten-aged child, the world is big and mysterious. The combination of physical, cognitive, and social/emotional development allow these children to explore and begin imposing basic order and control over their environments (Gore 16). Overall, these experiences allow children to understand and appreciate the world around them. When the teacher looks at the overall development of their kindergarten students, the physical, cognitive, and social/emotional aspects are relatively similar across each child. That is to say that each child experiences relatively the same development in all three areas. Physically, a kindergartener has two distinct developmental characteristics. #1 is the individual characteristics such as rate of growth, body build, and eye color (Gore 17). The teacher should respect each child’s unique characteristics and teach others to respect them as well. #2 is each kindergartener has a wide output of energy (Gore 17). A kindergarten teacher should expect their students to be fully active one day and inactive the next. Similarly, the activities the children participate in receive different levels of energy from day to day (Gore 17). Cognitive development in kindergarten in vital for a child to understand and experience all that school and the world have to offer. In Gore’s book, she notes two important cognitive developments that a kindergarten child experiences. #1 is the development of hand-eye coordination (Gore 17). At this stage, children are developing awareness for everything that needs both hands and eyes in order to function properly. As the teacher, you should be aware of the students and their surroundings. Particularly on the playground, the teacher should know the students inability to judge speeds and distances properly (Gore 17). To aid in the development of proper hand-eye coordination, the teacher should incorporate hand-eye coordination lessons and activities into the daily schedule. The second important cognitive development in kindergarteners is that they want to grow and learn (Gore 19). Kindergarten is a stepping stone into what school will be like for the rest of their lives, and the fact that each student wants to grow and learn makes the teacher’s job easier because the students are intrinsically motivated. To further their enjoyment of learning it is important for the teacher to provide conditions for each student to explore, discover, and feed their sense of wonder at their own pace (Gore 19). Teachers should also allow students to think and solve problems at their own pace as well (Gore 19). By letting each student work at his or her own pace, the student feeds their desire to grow and learn and also learns that they are capable of many things. One of the most important developments that kindergarten children make is social and emotional developments. Both these developments aid children in forming friendships, relationships and emotional maturity as their lives continue. Two social developments are highlighted in Gore’s book. #1 is that children will fluctuate their patterns of social growth and they may regress at times (Gore18). This is a natural process that children go through and navigating it can be tricky. As a teacher, we should encourage children to proceed in and out of groups at will (Gore 18). This will allow children to experience many different people and form many friendships. As teachers we should also encourage students to relate an experience with one group of students to experiences with another group (Gore 18). This will allow each student to mentally process each experience and decide which experiences they prefer to have, which in turn leads to them having friends of similar beliefs and interests. Above all, kindergarten children learn how to cooperate with others when they choose which group of students to associate with. The second social characteristic that kindergarten children develop is their preference of children of the same sex as playmates and friends (Gore 18). As a teacher we should support this development and help each child learn appropriate sex role with their peers. In addition, kindergarten teachers should also encourage children of the opposite sex to interact. When it comes to emotional characteristics of development, the #1 characteristic is that children in kindergarten are learning how to accept and give affection (Gore 18). This developmental characteristic is vitally important because if children do not learn how to give and accept affection, then all their relationships with others will be short-lived. We as teachers can help foster this important characteristic by providing warm relationships for emotional growth in the classroom and individually with your students (Gore 18). In addition to the developmental characteristics, a kindergarten teacher must also be aware of how they arrange their classroom. Utilizing space and organizing the classroom to best suit the needs of the students allows each kindergartener to maximize their use of the classroom. In Doris Fromberg’s book â€Å"The Full-day Kindergarten†, it is important to know both the teacher’s and the student’s views on four elements relating to classroom organization. Those four elements are; â€Å"Choice: what the students will be doing. Space: where the students will be engaged. Pacing: when the students will be participating. Social Activity: how and with whom the students will interact† (Fromberg 62). These elements are also applicable to what the students are doing in a kindergarten classroom and what activities they participate in. By understanding when and where to implement these four elements, the classroom experience will be enhanced for all the kindergarten students. In a kindergarten classroom, the students are capable of making choices that are relevant to the school-day procedure (Fromberg 62). When a kindergarten student, or any other person, chooses what to do, their attention is higher to that activity than if they had not chosen. However, this is not to say that kindergarten students enter into an â€Å"anything goes† classroom (Fromberg 62). The teacher has preselected and screened everything that is already in the classroom to ensure that it is safe and educationally-sound. The teacher also screens the materials that students bring from home on the same criteria (Fromberg 62). By ensuring that all materials in the classroom are on the same level and that the children decide what they want to do, they will establish a routine of making independent choices knowing that what they choose will spark their interests and be educationally appropriate. The space and organization of the classroom is an important concept to consider when in a kindergarten classroom. Kindergarten students enjoy moving around and being independent, but also need a sense of stability and security. How the classroom space is organized reflects four characteristics about the teacher and the classroom in general: 1) How independent the students are expected to be. 2) How responsible the students are expected to be. 3) Relays what activities are valued in the classroom. 4) How students will spend their time in the classroom (Fromberg 64). When organizing the classroom, it is important to keep materials where they will be used and in limited-use sections. By creating a section of the room only for writing, or art, or reading, children will be more focused on that activity or feel part of a small group (Fromberg 64). Limited-use sections also help the students answer the question, â€Å"What will I do next? † (Fromberg 64) For example, a child that is finished at the writing center will know that there is nothing more they can accomplish at this center; they decide that they want to work on their art project and move to the appropriate section. By utilizing limited-use sections, the students are minimizing procrastination and are maximizing their ability to select their own choices. By using these elements, Fromberg describes a properly organized kindergarten classroom. In a kindergarten classroom, all materials are stored where they will be used; books are in the reading areas, writing supplies are in the writing area, and art supplies are in the art area. The students work in the areas where the materials are stored. This not only keeps them focused on their tasks, but also eliminates the possibility of misplacing materials. These active work areas should be located away from student desks or other areas where students are meant to concentrate and reflect (Fromberg 64). In addition, the teacher should always organize their classroom where they and the students are visible to each other at all times. This not only allows the teacher to monitor behavior, but it also allow students to see what model behavior looks like. In addition to the organization of the room, there also needs to be proper time management as well. Proper time management can help reduce the issues that arise in those students who have ADHD or other unpredictable behavior patterns (Fromberg 66). In a full day kindergarten classroom, it is beneficial to have a whole-class planning session in the morning and afternoon, with a small gathering before lunch or around 11:00 AM according to Fromberg (66). Kindergarten instructors have found it helpful to provide at least two long activity blocks of 30 minutes or more each day (Fromberg 66). In this time, the students will be engaging with the different sections of the room; art, writing, reading, etc. at their own choice and pace. From having this time to select which activity to do and how long to do it for, the students are inspired to make long-range plans and increase their sense of control over their environment (Fromberg 66). Within the kindergarten environment, the lessons and activities should emphasize academic content but also personal relationships and social behaviors. While kindergarten does prepare students to â€Å"do school† and everything that comes with it, I believe that lessons and activities that stress proper relationship techniques and social behaviors are just as important. For example, kindergarteners may not realize what they say sometimes and although they find nothing wrong with it, the teacher or others students will. Having several lessons on how to talk to other students in a nice and polite way will not only benefit the students in class, but they can take that knowledge and apply it to other situations as well, such as talking to adults. Lessons that demonstrate proper social behaviors and etiquette will also benefit kindergarteners. For example, how to stay quiet and listen while another person is talking or how to solve conflicts in a respectful manner will again not only benefit the students in the classroom, but also prepare them for the world as they grow older. Finally, classroom management is very important in a kindergarten class. A teacher could have a perfectly organized room and excellent lessons, but if they cannot manage their students they will never get a chance to utilize their room or lessons. Firstly, the kindergarten teacher should make a set of class rules for the school year. In addition to their professional opinion, the teacher should ask the students themselves what rules should be followed during the school year. This serves two purposes: 1. it reinforces the element that children are capable of making relevant choices pertaining to school and 2. It allows the students to feel that they have a say in how the classroom is to be run. By having this sense of control, the students are more likely to follow the rules and provide less argument when disruptions arise. Secondly, student behavior accountability should be established. In her article â€Å"Classroom Management†, Jody Camp describes her accountability system. She has four circles displayed in her room, each a different color and face. All the students have a clothes pin with their name on it. Every morning each student starts on the green smiley face. If a student breaks one classroom rule, they move their clothes pin to the yellow face. The yellow face is a warning for the student to start acting correctly. In addition to that, the student loses 5 minutes of recess. If the student breaks another rule, they move to the red face, which means the student needs to stop and think about what they are doing. The student also misses an entire recess. The last face in Jody Camp’s management system is the blue sad face. This means that the student needs to go to the principal’s office (Classroom Management). By implementing these or similar classroom management techniques, any teacher will be successful and be able to focus the majority of their time on educating the minds of America. As a student moves through elementary school and into middle school many changes occur so fast that they may, to the frustration of teachers and parents, act like kindergarteners once more. However, it is important to realize and understand the developmental characteristics of middle school students so they still have a positive educational experience. Similar to kindergarten students, middle school students have their own unique set of physical, cognitive, and social/emotional characteristics. Physically, middle school students are in transition between their childhood bodies and their adult bodies. This leads to three main physical characteristics. Susan Robinson, Guidance Counselor at Southern Columbia School District in Catawissa, PA, nicely lays out physical characteristics of middle school students (5th-8th grade) on her webpage. The first physical characteristic is large muscle development (5th Grade Characteristics). In boys, this means that their arm and leg muscles are becoming more defined, as well as their abdomens. In girls, muscle development leads to growth spurts and gaining weight. The second physical characteristic is the desire to be outdoors and physically challenged (5th Grade Characteristics). It is at this time that both boys and girls become very interested in sports and physical activity. This characteristic can also lead to a decline in school performance because the students are more interested in playing outside than doing homework. The third physical characteristic is that they become restless and in constant motion (6th Grade Characteristics). The need to move and be active can also lead to declining performance because the students won’t be as focused. This can also lead to more discipline because the students can’t stay in one place for extended periods of time. Cognitively, middle school students are now open to more abstract and logical reasoning than ever before. The first cognitive characteristic is that 5th grade students have is an increased memory and ability to abstract (5th Grade Characteristics). The increase in memory potential allows the students to remember more academic information, but also helps them remember social activities like birthday parties and phone numbers. The second cognitive characteristic is the affinity for logical reasoning and problems solving (5th Grade Characteristics). 5th and 6th grade students are now using more of their brain in every aspect of life which allows them to solve and reason more than ever before. Similar to how kindergarten students like to impose control on their environments, middle school students enjoy the feeling of being able to solve a problem or think logically with classmates and teachers. The third cognitive characteristic of middle school students is their increased concentration in all aspects of school (5th Grade Characteristics). With the increase of concentration students are able to read, focus on homework, and participate in activities for longer periods of time. This cognitive gain can help balance out the need for movement during physical development. Middle school is the time when every student starts to define who they are and who they want to be. Socially and emotionally, each middle school student is becoming more mature as they grow older and it is important to know what developmental characteristics these students face. When a student is in 5th grade they are more socially and emotionally sound than 6th graders. The first developmental characteristic of 5th graders is that they are generally content with themselves and others (5th Grade Characteristics). At this stage they are in a state of equilibrium in terms of social and emotional growth. This is not to say that 5th graders are void of anger. When this age group gets angry, they tend to get angrier faster than usual but they also are faster to forgive (5th Grade Characteristics). The second characteristic of 5th graders is that they work well in groups and enjoy team-oriented activities such as sports and clubs (5th Grade Characteristics). Because they are generally content, it boosts 5th graders abilities to work cooperatively. This age group would benefit greatly from pods in the classroom and team-oriented competition. Lastly, 5th graders are mostly truthful and are developing a larger sense of right and wrong (5th Grade Characteristics). At this age, students want to be taken seriously because they feel that they have valuable opinions. They realize that they can’t lie and be taken seriously so they tell the truth. Also, as they are telling the truth more, they are expanding their sense of right and wrong. It is at this point when crucial right/wrong situations should be explained to the students such as drugs and alcohol. When a child hits 6th grade, they change once again and sometimes not for the better. There are three main characteristics of 6th graders from Susan Robinson’s website. The first is that 6th graders become more moody and sensitive (6th Grade Characteristics). 6th graders are starting to hit puberty and this messes with their normal selves. The hormones set off mood swings and sensitivity towards almost any situation. It is important to know this because it could be the cause of many problems with your students. The second characteristic is that 6th graders are becoming more autonomous and with that comes more opposition to rules and punishments (6th Grade Characteristics). As they get older, the students begin to realize that they are held to higher standards but still try to get around those expectations. This inevitably leads to confrontations between teacher and student(s) and the student(s) will test your patience at this age. The third characteristic is more positive. As the students age and grow during 6th grade, they will start to take on an adult personality (6th Grade Characteristics). They will lessen their oppositional behavior and become more respectful and dutiful in school work and social activities. While their bodies are going through a massive amount of change in a short period of time, it is important to layout the classroom, lessons, and management techniques to keep up with these middle school learners. First off, it is important to keep the students in groups when at their desks. This helps the students remain social with others and it helps the students to keep working in teams. As they are older, each student should be given their own desk. This allows the student to become more independent and it allows for individuality to show through if they are permitted to decorate their desk. Similar to the kindergarten room, there should be sections of the room where students can go to complete different assignments. Especially at this time, the movement will allow these students to relieve some tension from their growing bodies. Overall, the classroom at the middle school level starts to become similar to that of high school and college classrooms, but should still represent a sense of home and security for 5th and 6th graders. The lessons and activities that these students participate in should also be developmentally appropriate. At this stage of life, the students are beginning to think and reason logically. Therefore, lessons in math and science can enhance the individual student’s ability to think and reason logically. In addition to logic and reasoning, social skills are key to a healthy development. In 5th and 6th grade, it is important to teach and model proper social etiquette and behaviors. One way to accomplish this is to have the students sit in pods when at their desks. This serves two purposes: 1) it allows each student to work in close proximity to other students and 2) it allows students to practice proper social behavior on a daily basis. Lastly, students at this age are going through major physical changes and it is important to keep that in mind when designing lessons and activities. When possible, incorporate some form of physical movement into your lesson plans. This will allow the students to move their bodies and retain focus in school. If you simply let the students sit at their seats all day, they will become restless very quickly and will lose focus and interest in what you are trying to teach them. Similar to the kindergarten classroom, without successful classroom management techniques, the teacher will struggle to maintain focus and interest in their lessons. With this age group, routines are essential to having successful classroom management. As noted by many teachers, routines help the students to know what is coming next in the school day and how to proceed from one task to the next. With a regular routine, students won’t need to be told to take out their reading materials or their math books; they will already know what is coming. By establishing successful routines, the teacher can minimize distractions and maximize learning time. Another management technique that I remember from 6th grade was the use of a money management system. My teacher, Diane Dale, set up a management system that revolved around the use of a weekly â€Å"allowance† for each student. Each student started the week with a predetermined amount of â€Å"money†, i. e.$100. Actions in class had either a positive or negative effect on the student’s allowance. For example, if one student got a perfect on their math test, they may get $25 added to their account. If another student starts a fight on the playground, besides the consequences of the principal, they may lose $75. At the end of each week the students with the 3 highest allowances got to pick a prize from the â€Å"Class Treasure Chest†. To my recollection, this system worked well in our class and I plan on modifying this management system to create my own. All in all, as an elementary teacher it is important to know and be able to work with students from all age groups. By understanding the characteristics of the students in your class, you will be able to maximize the effectiveness of your lessons because they are aimed to work with their developmental characteristics, not as a substitute. In addition, to knowing developmental characteristics, a teacher should also institute effective classroom management techniques and proper lesson plans that will maximize the learning experience for each student. Works Cited Gore, Lillian L. , and Rose Koury. Educating Children in Nursery School and Kindergartens. Washington: U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, 1964. Print. Wills, Clarence Dechent, and Lucile Lindburg. Kindergarten for Today’s Children. Chicago: Follett Educational Corporation, 1967. Print. Fromberg, Doris. The Full-Day Kindergarten. 1995. eBook. Camp, Jody. http://www. atozteacherstuff. com/Tips/Classroom_Management/Managing_Behavior/index. shtml Robinson, Susan. http://www. scasd. us/ms/RobinsonPage/grade5. htm White, George. Incoming 6th Graders. http://www. ringwoodschools. org/files/ryerson/parent_orientation_booklet. pdf.

European Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

European Economic Growth - Essay Example This global financial crisis tagged with dire housing market corrections has resulted in a peculiarly uncertain situation (European Commission). The resultant shock has reduced the domestic demand throughout the EU, which is pathetically debilitating considering the fact that the external demand is already on the ebb (European Commission). The autumn economic forecast published by the European Commission in November 2008 reflects a crucial stagnation of the EU economy by the end of the year 2009. Though the inflationary pressures are expected to ease, the labour market and the financial sector is predicted to deteriorate even further (European Commission). Most of the European economies are either already in or are on the verge of facing a recessionary situation and the economic growth is expected to dip down even further (European Commission). As per the current estimates, the GDP growth in the EU is projected to retard to 1.4 percent by the end of the year 2008 and will dip down to a worrying figure of 1.1 percent by 2010 (European Commission). The consumer price inflation that has already achieved its peak level is expected to plummet to 2.25 percent in 2009 and to approximately 2 percent by the end of the year 2010 (European Commission). ... prices and a relative softening of the labour markets because of the bleak prospects pertaining to the overall economic growth (European Commission).(European Commission) The labour markets are already being impacted by stagnation in the economic growth and this is expected to give way to a drastic fall in the employment levels throughout the EU. The employment situation is expected to ease beyond 2009 (European Commission). That will lead to the creation of 0.25 million jobs in the EU in 2009-2010 (European Commission). However, this increase is strikingly less as compared to 6 million jobs created in the EU in 2007-2008 (European Commission). Thus the unemployment rate in the EU is expected to appreciate by 1 percent in the next two years, thus achieving an overall figure of 7.8 percent (European Commission).So far as the public finances are concerned, the present circumstances portend a bleak scenario. The deficit in the government budgets that was roughly 1 percent of GDP in 2007 is expected to appreciate to 2.6 percent by 2010 (European Commission)(European Commission) Considering the fiscal and monetary packages being extended by the governments to resuscitate the ailing economies, the budgetary deficits may rise even further in the times to come (European Commission). Thus, realistically speaking, the public debt is expected to further rise as this economic crisis worsens. The current prospects pertaining to the economic growth in the EU are enveloped in a mist of uncertainty, doubts and apprehensions. The existing credit crunch may worsen, persist for a longer period of time and perhaps could have a more debilitating impact on the EU economy. Further corrections in the housing market may be required

Developing Materials for Reading and Writing Skills Essay

Developing Materials for Reading and Writing Skills - Essay Example Developing Materials for Reading and Writing Skills On the other hand, the skill of writing is difficult when compared to reading because writing requires more effort in terms of correctness of grammar, use, or appropriacy of expression, punctuation, spelling, and of comprehension on the reader's part. But, I think if a reader has world knowledge and has a habit of reading a range of texts across different domains, s/he will be able to comprehend unfamiliar texts with ease. This paper is presented with an assumption that reading texts of various genres is likely to enhance the writing ability of a student because a fluent reader's word knowledge as well as knowledge of the academic texts is considered to be high, as aptly reported by (Kintsch, 1998) that skilled readers are good decoders with an ability to recognize words twice as fast as unskilled readers. Therefore, I believe that the teacher's approach towards classroom instruction should focus on various academic genres, and in integrating reading and writing skills that help students develop relevant academic vocabulary used across various disciplines. Studies also indicate that readers' knowledge in a domain helps in understanding the text better than readers with little or no knowledge in a domain (Sampson, 2003). However, the ever changing scenario in education and teaching approaches nudges the students to learn various reading and writing strategies that would help them succeed academically. At the same time, teachers and researchers continue to churn out various curricula, and device a variety of reading strategies in order to determine the most effective strategy that would help students to be effective learners. Though, these strategies (Simpson, 2000) were assumed to be part of a hidden curriculum, realizing their importance various studies have been carried out since 1960 till today by researchers. As (Simpson, 2000) pointed out that "The advantages of teaching strategies within a context are numerous. Students can learn how to define and interpret academic tasks, establish goals, and select the appropriate strategies, and then evaluate the utility of those strategies in relationship to the specific contexts". Along side, latest research trends and best practices continue to evolve based on sound theory and research. The skill of reading The purpose of reading can be classified into two categories depending on what they are read for - for pleasure or for information. Similarly, the purpose of reading varies from situation to situation and from text to text. Since reading is an active process, a reader's understanding of any text depends on the application of mental faculties. Therefore, the reader should have the knowledge of the writing system, the language, the ability to interpret, the knowledge of the world and a reason for reading. Thus, while reading a reader interacts with a text decodes it and constructs meaning. In the process, what the reader constructs depends on what the writer writes. On the contrary, poor or passive readers lack certain abilities as (Farr, 2003) stated that poor readers fail to relate with background knowledge, make interpretations, or understand the purpose of reading, in short they do not think while reading. A number of reading strate

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by Ambrose Bierce Essay

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by Ambrose Bierce - Essay Example As the time ticks, Farquhar wafts into a dream-like state where there is no limitation of time. The author compares his situation to that of a ‘vast pendulum’ which swings uncontrollably. The space in which Farquhar delves is an intermediary between life and death, a world that is bound by its unknown rules. There is a very thin boundary between illusion and reality and till the end of the story readers think of Farquhar’s illusion as reality. He is desperate to see his wife and children again and in his desperation his mind creates a different world that can provide him an escape from this predicament. The story makes it clear that to a certain degree, the nature of time is subjective. During the brief time interval between Farquhar’s fall and death, the time dilates and slows down to allow for the events to take place as the mind wishes. He evades bullets, cannons, soldiers and makes a tiring journey to see his family. But just when he is about to embrace his wife, a white flash of light brings him back to reality and his neck breaks (Bierce, 2010).

Second midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Second midterm - Essay Example ar II, which also gets described as the short American century, represented a period of continuous prosperity for the American government and its economy. The shift in the international economic order has led to the US citizens’ increasing sense of disempowerment. The changes witnessed in the classical world economy have decreased the US government’s effectiveness in managing its economy. The change from the Bretton woods based international economic system to a greater international economic integration based system has seen the US lose grip on it domestic economy. The Bretton wood’s system had contributed to the US leading the international economic order between the 1940s and 1970s. The Bretton wood’s system had allowed America to focus on the politics of its national security through the international economic integration it promoted. Through the Bretton wood’s system, the US spent less of its money in rebuilding the economies of Western Europe and Japan. The collapse of the Bretton Wood’s system meant that the US had to put preference in international markets over its domestic considerations of national security. The new contemporary international economic world order has seen countries such as China and Singapore also emerge as serious global economic powerhouses. With the new found international economic system, the relevance of the dollar has dwindled as each and every country strives to use their currency as a means of trade. The US massive foreign debt has inflicted heavily on the predominance held before by its dollar as an international currency. The contemporary international economy that took over the American led Bretton Wood’s system has also allowed for almost every country in the globe to engage in international trade, finance, and investment (Frieden 153). Under the previous classical economic order, only the US and its closest allies had control in setting up terms for international trade. The changing global environment created

Strength of material Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strength of material - Essay Example Yet another factor that impacts the nature of loading is the stresses, deflections and strains that the structure is subjected to. One engineering component may be subjected to strains, stresses and/or torsion at the same time, forces acting at different points according to Melchers and Hough (364). When a system is subjected a myraid of loads of this nature, the system is said to be subjected to complex loads. Some systems that commonly experience complex loading include bridges, building roof structures, differential units and shafts, just to mention a few. Figure 1: showing the structure of a bridge; different components of the bridge subjected to tension, compression, strains and stresses Courtesy http://www.300thcombatengineersinwwii.com/bridges.html Engineers have always communicated through drawings to convey messages relating to the nature and design of components and structures. In the analysis of engineering structures and components, care is usually taken to avoid failure that results due to several factors including loading and corrossion. The analysis of the forces that act on engineering structures began with the use of drawings, lines and arrows representing forces that were resolved somehow to come up with solutions or results. Superpositioning as a method of analysis has also been employed in analysing engineering components and normally involves the overlapping of forces (Courses.washington p1).

Ancient Greece and Magna Graecia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ancient Greece and Magna Graecia - Essay Example Therefore, the Hellenic civilization flourished, later accepting the influences of native Latin civilization. The objective of the essay is to explore the influence of the Greek civilizations on its colonies and to know how far the Hellenic civilization embraced the hue of the native culture and civilization. Moreover, the focus will be to delve into to the ancient history to bring out the efforts of the indigenous people of the colonies to resist to maintain their own identity. The artifacts evidences will be explored to substantiate the stance. Hellenic art, which has a diverse subject matter and is enriched in stylistic development, flourished in an age which is distinguished by a strong sense of history. It was the age when museums and great libraries were established. The Hellenic art kept the traditions but had also made great innovations . The neo- Hellenic Art; the art which flourished in the Greek colonies had no precedence in earlier Greek art. As for example we find grotesques subjects; the figure of Greek Dwarf is, among the statuettes of the Hellenic civilization and Roman period, a standard example and type of grotesque. (Archaeological Institute of America; Vol.88 No.3, July, 1984, pp. 389-391) And the portraits of ethnic people, especially of Africans, betray the diversity of the Hellenic civilization. The new affluent class of consumers, who benefited from the trades, decorated their homes with luxury goods, such as bronzes statuettes, delicately carved furniture, sculptures made of stones and pottery with mold-made decorations. In the chapter on Pithekoussai and Cumae in The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily by Luca Cerchiai, Lorena Jannelli, Fausto Longo, there is a picture of Rhodian cup from the grave yards of Monte Vico, which dates back to 730 B.C., and it bears the inscription 'I am the goblet of Nestor, fine to drink from, but whoever drinks from this goblet will instantly be seized by desire for the well-crowned Aphrodite.' This inscription reveals the vast knowledge of the epic cycle and it also reveals that the owner of the cup or whosoever used it was quite familiar with the Iliad.The Romans were the avid collectors of Greek art who loved to decorate their houses with Greek sculpture as demanded by their taste and interests. The wall paintings of Boscreala are t he evidence of the classical milieu that the Romans aristocracy preferred for their homes. Archaeological Evidence: The Town Planning: (a)Hippodamus of Miletus Hippodamus of Miletus is the known Greek urban theorist. The world knows him from the brief description of Aristotle in Politics. Aristotle tells us that Hippodamus, "discovered the division of poleis" This refers to the physical planning of the cities which surely did not refer to the invention of grid plan, which was an ancient technique and was in use when Hippodamus was born. (Cahill, 2002). Hippodamus introduced, in his utopia, the tripartite system; his polis, comprising of 10,000 citizens, was divided into three sections, one section was for artisans, the other for farmers and the third section was for soldiers. Likewise the land was also divided in three parts; religious, public and the private part. This numerology of Hippodamus is attributed to his background of Ionian

Athletes psychological make- up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Athletes psychological make- up - Essay Example From the above explanation, it is important to consider that there are numerous sports and in sense every sport would want a deliberately devised and developed in a peculiar way to address the need of the specific sports. This has been the point of concern and controversy as there is widespread adoption of information’s tailored for other sports to the unintended ones (Smith, & Kays 2010). There are issues now that the efficacy of the imported ideas and training designed for other related sports may work negatively if wrongly applied. In the contemporary sporting, sports psychology is of paramount interest and there is high need to determine the psychology of the participants so as to prepare them adequately for the games. With regard to this, testing the psychological status of the sportsmen has gained grounds and two methods have been coined to undertake to this. One of the approaches has been the unilateral application of the psychometric tests to understand the behavior o f the athletes. The second approach involves the use of construction, and effecting specific sports psychological test to gauge the psychological status of the sportsmen (Smith & Kays 2010). The application of the above named approaches have stirred great controversies as there are the opponent and proponents of the approaches, each holding to a contrary schools of thoughts. In other words, the approaches of determining the psychology of the sportsmen have attracted applause and rejection in equal measure (Smith & Kays 2010). Starting with the psychometric tests, the opponents of the

Hypermedia website Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hypermedia website - Essay Example There are always different views to everything, and the use of twitter handle in the hypermedia website is to enable one to create a social network with people in your niche and to be able to know who is talking about your website and what is being discussed (Webdesigner Depot, 2012). Twitter is used in the hypermedia website because it is an appropriate way to conveniently get in touch with this generation that is technologically advanced and social sites are a way of everyday life. Coincidentally, most of these students are bloggers hence it forms a good platform and a communication medium with the user in regard to the topic. Twitter attracts interested parties, so it is bound to bring in more followers to the topic. The emphasis and briefness make the content on the web attractive to read (Iofilm.co.uk, 2012). This is because reading from a screen is more difficult than reading from paper. The usage of fewer texts in the hypermedia website encourages the youngsters to read and hence encourages more persons to join. This is so because the usage of long texts may encourage ambiguous writing which is not good for the website promotion. The homepage is also simple. Research shows that most people look at the homepage of an advert hence the homepage of the hypermedia website is simple. This is so because its simplicity attracts more readers to the website. The use of photo slides in the hypermedia website is to help the high school students relate to the animals found in the rainforests. In addition, a tool (photo slides) enables them to be able to distinguish them from other animals in other parts of the world. The photo slides are used to easily what cannot be put across by use of words alone (Piechnick, 2012). The use of an external search engine will help the student be dynamic in a way that they can outsource material from other sites and enrich their knowledge on

Comparing the Young and the Old Essay Example for Free

Comparing the Young and the Old Essay We live longer and experience more in life we would become wise to the ways of the world. The funny thing is, this does not always happen. If you listen to the elderly many do become wise but many others seem to get stuck in their past, but yet they think they are wise. They can not seem to see the world changing around them. A firsthand example of this for me is my Grandparents. When we talk about money, specifically the cost of buying a new car they cannot fathom the cost of buying a new car. I remind them of all the safety features that cars now have but they still resist he idea of replacing their 1985 Buick because of the cost associated with a newer and safer car. On the other hand young adults readily accept changes in their world. Now that we are living in the Information Age an enormous amount of information is readily available at our fingertips. Todays younger generation knows quite bit more than their grandparents knew at the same age because of this. The problem is that too many of us will allow ourselves to get stuck in our youth as well. The extreme of a so-called typical young adult would be one who at 18 thinks they already know verything they need to in life. No one, especially an older person can tell them anything about life Another evident contrast between the elderly and the young is their outlook on life. Young adults are more optimistic about the future, whereas their counterparts are more pessimistic. An example might be that you will hear from the majority of young adults, l want to make a lot of money and retire early, but an older adult might say, Money is not everything; as long as you stay healthy you will be happy. Another phrase that I hear quite a bit is to enjoy my youth and to see the world efore I get old. My Grandmother still tells me that to this day. Her belief is that once you reach a certain age when the aches and pains of aging begin you will lose your desire to be more active. Older people seem to get set in their ways and typically resist change. They get comfortable with a certain patter n in their lives and do not like this pattern disturbed. They have no tolerance for anything new. My Grandparents are a good example of how change is very difficult. They have lived in their neighborhood for over forty years and its is not safe any more. They refuse to even think about moving to a retirement community. When I ask either of my Grandparents why they wont move they blame each other for not wanting to move. Young adults on the other hand are much more adaptable to change. Most enjoy spontaneity and look forward to new experiences. What it all comes down to is time, experience and most of all the willingness of old and young alike to learn and share with each other. I know I can learn much from my elders, I hope they see that they can learn much from me.

The Economy In Switzerland Economics Essay

The Economy In Switzerland Economics Essay   Switzerland is a peaceful, wealthy, and current market economy with low unemployment, a highly expert labor force, and a per capita GDP among the highest in the world. Switzerlands economy benefits from a highly developed service sector, led by financial services, and a manufacturing industry that specializes in high-technology, knowledge-based production. Its economic and political stability, transparent legal system, exceptional infrastructure, efficient capital markets, and low corporate tax rates also make Switzerland one of the worlds most competitive economies. The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with the EUs, to enhance their international competitiveness, but some trade protectionism remains, particularly for its small agricultural sector. The fate of the Swiss economy is tightly linked to that of its neighbors in the euro zone, which purchases half of all Swiss exports. The global financial crisis of 2008 and resulting economic downtur n in 2009 stalled export demand and put Switzerland in a recession. The Swiss National Bank (SNB) during this period effectively implemented a zero-interest rate policy to boost the economy as well as prevent appreciation of the franc, and Switzerlands economy recovered in 2010 with 2.7% growth. The sovereign debt crises currently unfolding in neighboring euro-zone countries pose a significant risk to Switzerlands financial stability and are driving up demand for the Swiss franc by investors seeking a safehaven currency. The independent SNB has upheld its zero-interest rate policy and conducted major market interventions to prevent further appreciation of the Swiss franc, but parliamentarians have urged it to do more to weaken the currency. The francs strength has made Swiss exports less competitive and weakened the countrys growth outlook; GDP growth fell to 2.1% in 2011. Switzerland has also come under increasing pressure from individual neighboring countries, the EU, the US, and international institutions to reform its banking secrecy laws. Consequently, the government agreed to conform to OECD regulations on administrative assistance in tax matters, including tax evasion. The government has renegotiated its double taxation agreements with numerous countries, including the US, to incorporate the OECD standard, and in 2011 it reached deals with Germany and the UK to resolve outstanding issues, particularly the possibility of imposing taxes on bank deposits held by foreigners. These steps will have a lasting impact on Switzerlands long history of bank secrecy. Definition:  This entry briefly describes the type of economy, including the degree of market orientation, the level of economic development, the most important natural resources, and the unique areas of specialization. It also characterizes major economic events and policy changes in the most recent 12 months and may include a statement about one or two key future macroeconomic trends. Source:  CIA World Factbook   Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of July 26, 2012 1. Introduction: About two third of the area of Switzerland is covered with forest, lakes and mountains. Since Switzerland has no mineral resources, it must import, process and resell them as products. Services are the most important part of the economy. This includes banking, assurances and tourism. agricultural is also an important part of the economy. But the production of the Swiss farmers does not fulfill the needs of all people, so Switzerland must rely on imported goods from other countries. 2. The three sectors: The economy in Switzerland is divided into three sectors: landwirtschaft  (agriculture) industrie (industry) diensteistungen  (services) Less than 10% of the population is employed in the  landwirtschaft  (agriculture), also considered the  primary sector. This sector is strongly supported by the government. About 40% of the population is employed in the  Industrie, Gewerbe and Handwerk  (industry, trade and handicraft), also considered the  secondary sector. This sector includes the  Maschinen- und Metallindustrie  (machine and metal industry),Uhrenindustrie  (watch industry) and the  Textilindustrie  (textile industry). All of them export much of their products to foreign countries and suffer a lot because of the expensive Swiss Franc. The fact that Switzerland does not belong to the European Union additionally slows down the Swiss exports. More than 50% of the population is employed in the  Dienstleistungssektor  (services), also considered the  tertiary sector. This sector includes banking, assurances, tourism and so on. Banking is one of the most important businesses in Switzerland. Many of the banks have started to use the Internet for business purposes. For more information, see the  directory of Swiss banks. 3. Foreign trade: Switzerland is one of the countries with the highest contribution of the foreign trade to the gross inland product. The most important trade partners are the so called industrialized countries. In 2003, 77.2% of the exported goods were shipped to and 89.0% of the imported goods came from those countries. In particular, 60.3% of the goods were shipped to and 81.7% of the imported goods came from countries which belong to the European Union (EU). 3.1 Most important trade partners: The tables below show the names of the countries and the values of the imported and exported goods in million Swiss Francs (1  million = 1000000) for the year 2003. Rank Country Import Rank Country Export 1 Germany 41200 1 Germany 27700 2 Italy 13800 2 USA 13800 3 France 13700 3 France 11500 4 Netherlands 6400 4 Italy 11000 5 Austria 5400 5 Great Britain 6200 USA 5400 6 Japan 5100 6 Great Britain 4900 7 Austria 4400 7 Ireland 4700 Netherlands 4400 8 Belgium 3600 8 Belgium 2600 9 Japan 2600 9 Ireland 900 3.2 Most important trade goods: The table below shows the value of the imported and exported goods in million Swiss Francs (1  million = 1000000) for the year 2002. No Goods Import No Goods Export 1 Chemicals 27256 1 Chemicals 44846 2 Machines 25925 2 Machines 31693 3 Vehicles 12843 3 Precision tools, watches, jewelry 22602 4 Agriculture and fishery 9864 4 Agriculture and fishery 4219 5 Metals 9329 5 Vehicles 3742 6 Textile, clothing and shoes 8625 6 Textile, clothing and shoes 3726 7 Precision tools, watches, jewelry 8167 7 Leather, rubber, plastic 3647 8 Energy 5369 8 Paper 3275 9 Paper 4740 9 Other 1746 10 Other 4516 10 Metals 975 11 Leather, rubber, plastic 4264 11 Stone, soil 780 12 Stone, soil 2229 12 Energy 363 4. Currency: The Swiss currency is called  Schweizerfranken  (Swiss Francs) or short  Franken. One hundred  Rappen  make up one Swiss Franc.  CHF  is the ISO representation for Swiss francs; however, the old notation sFr. is still used quite often. This is a  5 Franken  coin, called a  fà ¼nfliber The currency is available in the following coins: 1 Rappen (Rà ¤ppler, no longer in use) 2 Rappen (Zweirà ¤ppler, no longer in use) 5 Rappen  (Fà ¼nfer) 10 Rappen  (Zehner) 20 Rappen  (Zwanziger)  ½ Franken  (Fà ¼nfziger) 1 Franken  (Frà ¤nkler) 2 Franken  (Zweifrà ¤nkler) 5 Franken  (Fà ¼nfliber) a long time ago, there used to be a  five francs bill  (includes images of approx. 220kB) Images  of all coins. The currency is available in the following bills: 10 Franken (images of current, previous and older bill, approx. 400 kB) 20 Franken (images of current and previous bill, approx. 450 kB) 50 Franken (images of current bill, approx. 220 kB) 100 Franken (images of current, previous and older bill, approx. 710 kB) 200 Franken (images of current bill, approx. 270 kB) 1000 Franken (images of current bill, approx. 330 kB) To convert currency, we suggest the  oanda online currency converter. 5. Cost of living: Now and then I receive questions about the cost of living in Switzerland. Even tough it is difficult to compare the costs of living between various countries, I try to list some indications that may give an idea what it means to go along with your salary in Switzerland. 5.1 Exchange rates: I remember times when I was young (some 35 years ago), when one US dollar (USD) cost more than four Swiss Francs (CHF) and one German Mark cost more than one Swiss Franc. Today (May  14, 2010), one US dollar costs approximately CHF  1.11 and the German Mark has been replaced by the Euro (EUR). One Euro corresponds to about CHF  1.40. These ever changing exchange rates are one problem in comparing costs of living. 5.2 Salaries: Another problem in comparing the costs of living is the amount of money one has available to spend, also known as the salary. This is particularly difficult because most people do not like to talk about it, at least here in Switzerland. Of course, the actual salary depends on the education, the position within the company or organization, the duration of the employment etc. The following table is a very rough approximation of a yearly income depending on the level of education: type of education salary range apprenticeship (typically 3 or 4 years) CHF 40000 80000 Academic CHF 70000 150000 lower management CHF 120000 250000 higher management CHF 200000 ++ 5.3 Expenses: Again as a very rough approximation, a Swiss family spends its income as follows: 25-35% for rent of a condominium or house 10-20% for assurances (health, liability, theft, car), health care and savings deposits 15-20% for food (at home and in restaurants) 20-40% for other expenses (non-food, car maintenance, phone bills, vacations, recreational activities) 5-15% for taxes (Taxes vary across the different cantons quite a lot) 5.4 Cost of some food goods: The following table is a list of some food goods and their approximative cost as of summer 2010 in the area of Zà ¼rich. Goods Amount Approximative cost in CHF Bread in a store 1 kg 3.00 4.00 Milk in a store 1 liter 2.00 Coffee or tee in a restaurant 1 cup (no refill) 3.50 Softdrink in a restaurant 0.2 or 0.3 l 3.50 4.00 Hamburger in fast food restaurant 200 gr 5.00 A meal in a family restaurant without beverages 1 person 15.00 30.00 If you are not familiar with our metric unit system, see  explanations about metric versus U.S. unit systems 5.5 Cost of some non-food goods: The following table is a list of some non-food goods and their approximative cost as of spring 2010 in the area of Zà ¼rich. Goods Amount Approximative cost in CHF Diesel 1 liter 1.85 (changes daily!) Gasoline 1 liter 1.70 (changes daily!) Cigarettes 1 pack 5.00 Compact Disk (music) 1 CD 10.00 25.00 Jeans 1 100.00 150.00 Building land 1 m ² 400.00 1200.00 House (without land) 4 . 5 rooms 400000 1000000++ If you are not familiar with our metric unit system, see  explanations about metric versus U.S. unit systems

Wireless Charging Of Mobile Phones

Wireless Charging Of Mobile Phones Abstract -With mobile phones becoming a basic part of life, the recharging of mobile phone batteries has always been a problem. The mobile phones vary in their talk time and battery standby according to their manufacturer and batteries. All these phones irrespective of their manufacturer and batteries have to be put to recharge after the battery has drained out. The main objective of their manufacturer and battery make. In this paper a new proposal has been made so as to make the recharging of the mobile phones is done automatically as you talk in your mobile phone! This is done by use of microwaves. The microwave signal is transmitted from the transmitter along with the message signal using special kind of antennas called slotted wave guide antenna at a frequency of 2.45GHz. There are minimal additions, which have to be made in the mobile handsets, which are the addition of a sensor, a rectenna and a filter. With the above setup, the need for separate chargers for mobile phones is e liminated and makes charging universal. Thus the more you talk, the more is your mobile phone charged! With this proposal the manufacturers would be able to remove the talk time and battery standby from their phone specifications! INTRODUCTION THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM To start with, to know what a spectrum is: when white light is shone through a prism it is separated out into all the colours of the rainbow; this is the visible spectrum. So white light is a mixture of all colours. Black is NOT a colour; it is what you get when all the light is taken away. Some physicists pretend that light consists of tiny particles which they call photons. They travel at the speed of light (what a surprise). The speed of light is about 300,000,000 meters per second. When they hit something they might bounce off, go right through or get absorbed. What happens depends a bit on how much energy they have. If they bounce off something and then go into your eye you will see the thing they have bounced off. Some things like glass and Perspex will let them go through; these materials are transparent. Black objects absorb the photons so you should not be able to see black things: you will have to think about this one. These poor old physicists get a little bit confused when they try to explain why some photons go through a leaf, some are reflected, and some are absorbed. They say that it is because they have different amounts of energy. Other physicists pretend that light is made of waves. These physicists measure the length of the waves and this helps them to explain what happens when light hits leaves. The light with the longest wavelength (red) is absorbed by the green stuff (chlorophyll) in the leaves. So is the light with the shortest wavelength (blue). In between these two colours there is green light, this is allowed to pass right through or is reflected. (Indigo and violet have shorter wavelengths than blue light.) Well it is easy to explain some of the properties of light by pretending that it is made of tiny particles called photons and it is easy to explain other properties of light by pretending that it is some kind of wave. The visible spectrum is just one small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. These electromagnetic waves are made up of two parts. The first part is an electric field. The second part is a magnetic field. So that is why they are called electromagnetic waves. The two fields are at right angles to each other. THE MICROWAVE REGION Microwave wavelengths range from approximately one millimeter (the thickness of a pencil lead) to thirty centimeter (about twelve inches). In a microwave oven, the radio waves generated are tuned to frequencies that can be absorbed by the food. The food absorbs the energy and gets warmer. The dish holding the food doesnt absorb a significant amount of energy and stays much cooler. Microwaves are emitted from the Earth, from objects such as cars and planes, and from another because microwave energy can penetrate haze, the atmosphere. These microwaves can be detected to give information, such as the temperature of the object that emitted the microwaves. Microwaves have wavelengths that can be measured in centimeter! The longer microwaves, those closer to a foot in length, are the waves which heat our food in a microwave oven. Microwaves are good for transmitting information from one place to light rain and snow, clouds, and smoke. Shorter microwaves are used in remote sensing. These mi crowaves are used for radar like the Doppler radar used in weather forecasts. Microwaves, used for radar, are just a few inches long. Because microwaves can penetrate haze, light rain and snow, clouds and smoke, these waves are good for viewing the Earth from space Microwave waves are used in the communication industry and in the kitchen as a way to cook foods. Microwave radiation is still associated with energy levels that are usually considered harmless except for people with pace makers. Here we are going to use the S band of the Microwave Spectrum. Microwave frequency bands Designation Frequency range K Band 18 to 26 GHz Ka Band 26 to 40 GHz Q Band 30 to 50 GHz U Band 40 to 60 GHz V Band 46 to 56 GHz W Band 56 to 100 GHz L Band 1 to 2 GHz S Band 2 to 4 GHz C Band 4 to 8 GHz X Band 8 to 12 GHz Ku Band 12 to 18 GHz The frequency selection is another important aspect in transmission. Here we have selected the license free 2.45 GHz ISM band for our purpose. The Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands were originally reserved internationally for non-commercial use of RF electromagnetic fields for industrial, scientific and medical purposes. The ISM bands are defined by the ITU-T in S5.138 and S5.150 of the Radio Regulations. Individual countries use of the bands designated in these sections may differ due to variations in national radio regulations. In recent years they have also been used for license-free error-tolerant communications applications such as wireless LANs and Bluetooth: 900 MHz band (33.3 cm) ( also GSM communication in India )2.45 GHz band (12.2 cm) IEEE 802.11b wireless Ethernet also operates on the 2.45 GHz band. TRANSMITTER DESIGN The MAGNETRON (A), is a self-contained microwave oscillator that operates differently from the linear-beam tubes, such as the TWT and the klystron. View fig(1) is a simplified drawing of the magnetron. CROSSED-ELECTRON and MAGNETIC fields are used in the magnetron to produce the high-power output required in radar and communications equipment. The magnetron is classed as a diode because it has no grid. A magnetic field located in the space between the plate (anode) and the cathode serves as a grid. The plate of a magnetron does not have the same physical appearance as the plate of an ordinary electron tube. Since conventional inductive-capacitive (LC) networks become impractical at microwave frequencies, the plate is fabricated into a cylindrical copper block containing resonant cavities that serve as tuned circuits. The magnetron base differs considerably from the conventional tube base. The magnetron base is short in length and has large diameter leads that are carefully sealed into the tube and shielded. The cathode and filament are at the centre of the tube and are supported by the filament leads. The filament leads are large and rigid enough to keep the cathode and filament structure fixed in position. The output lead is usually a probe or loop extending into one of the tuned cavities and coupled into a waveguide or c oaxial line. The plate structure, shown in fig(1), is a solid block of copper. The cylindrical holes around its circumference are resonant cavities. A narrow slot runs from each cavity into the central portion of the tube dividing the inner structure into as many segments as there are cavities. Alternate segments are strapped together to put the cavities in parallel with regard to the output. The cavities control the output frequency. The straps are circular, metal bands that are placed across the top of the block at the entrance slots to the cavities. Since the cathode must operate at high power, it must be fairly large and must also be able to withstand high operating temperatures. It must also have good emission characteristics, particularly under return bombardment by the electrons. This is because most of the output power is provided by the large number of electrons that are emitted when high-velocity electrons return to strike the cathode. The cathode is indirectly heated and is constructed of a high-emission material. The open space between the plate and the cathode is called the INTERACTION SPACE. In this space the electric and magnetic fields interact to exert force upon the electrons. Fig (1) The magnetron structure RECEIVER DESIGN The basic addition to the mobile phone is going to be the rectenna. A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy into DC electricity. Its elements are usually arranged in a mesh pattern, giving it a distinct appearance from most antenna .A simple rectenna can be constructed from a schottky diode placed between antenna dipoles. The diode rectifies the current induced in the antenna by the microwaves. Rectennae are highly efficient at converting microwave energy to electricity. In laboratory environments, efficiencies above 90% have been observed with regularity. Some experimentation has been done with inverse rectennae, converting electricity into microwave energy, but efficiencies are much loweronly in the area of 1%. With the advent of nanotechnology and MEMS the size of these devices can be brought down to molecular level. It has been theorized that similar devices, scaled down to the proportions used in nanotechnology, could be used to convert light into electricity at much greater efficiencies than what is currently possible with solar cells. This type of device is called an optical rectenna. Theoretically, high efficiencies can be maintained as the device shrinks, but experiments funded by the United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory have so far only obtained roughly 1% efficiency while using infrared light. Another important part of our receiver circuitry is a simple sensor. This is simply used to identify when the mobile phone user is talking. As our main objective is to charge the mobile phone with the transmitted microwave after rectifying it by the rectenna, the sensor plays an important role. The whole setup looks something like this. THE PROCESS OF RECTIFICATION Studies on various microwave power rectifier configurations show that a bridge configuration is better than a single diode one. But the dimensions and the cost of that kind of solution do not meet our objective. This study consists in designing and simulating a single diode power rectifier in hybrid technology with improved sensitivity at low power levels. We achieved good matching between simulation results and measurements thanks to the optimisation of the packaging of the Schottky diode. Microwave energy transmitted from space to earth apparently has the potential to provide environmentally clean electric power on a very large scale. The key to improve transmission efficiency is the rectifying circuit. The aim of this study is to make a low cost power rectifier for low and high power levels at a frequency of 2.45 GHz with good efficiency of rectifying operation. The objective also is to increase the detection sensitivity at low levels of power. Different configurations can be used to convert the electromagnetic wave into DC signal, the study done in showed that the use of a bridge is better than a single diode, but the purpose of this study is to achieve a low cost microwave rectifier with single Schottky diode for low and high power levels that has a good performances. This study is divided on two kind of technologies the first is the hybrid technology and the second is the monolithic one. The goal of this investigation is the development of a hybrid microwave recti fier with single Schottky diode. The first study of this circuit is based on the optimization of the rectifier in order to have a good matching of the input impedance at the desired frequency 2.45GHz. Besides, the aim of the second study is the increasing of the detection sensitivity at low levels of power. SENSOR CIRCUITRY The sensor circuitry is a simple circuit, which detects if the mobile phone receives any message signal. This is required, as the phone has to be charged as long as the user is talking. Thus a simple F to V converter would serve our purpose. In India the operating frequency of the mobile phone operators is generally 900MHz or 1800MHz for the GSM system for mobile communication. Thus the usage of simple F to V converters would act as switches to trigger the rectenna circuit to on. A simple yet powerful F to V converter is LM2907. Using LM2907 would greatly serve our purpose. It acts as a switch for triggering the rectenna circuitry. The general block diagram for the LM2907 is given below. Thus on the reception of the signal the sensor circuitry directs the rectenna circuit to ON and the mobile phone begins to charge using the microwave power. CONCLUSION Thus this paper successfully demonstrates a novel method of using the power of the microwave to charge the mobile phones without the use of wired chargers. Thus this method provides great advantage to the mobile phone users to carry their phones anywhere even if the place is devoid of facilities for charging. A novel use of the rectenna and a sensor in a mobile phone could provide a new dimension in the revelation of mobile phone.

Macbeth Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To what extent is Macbeth responsible for his actions?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whose Fault Is It?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the play Macbeth, Macbeth’s actions are cold blooded and are done out of ambition and greed. For example, he killed King Duncan because he wanted to be the king of Scotland. He also hired murderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance because they stood in his way of becoming king. Only Macbeth was responsible for his deeds, however, the witches, and Lady Macbeth also played key roles in influencing Macbeth’s actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During Macbeth’s first encounter with the three witches, he learns that he has been appointed Thane of Cawdor, and that he will be the king; but, he also knows that if he is to become the king, a few people will have to die. After thinking about it, he decides that if he is going to become the king he will let it happen naturally. His decision changes, however, once he talks to Lady Macbeth. When Lady Macbeth hears Macbeth’s story, she wants him to kill Duncan so that they can become king and queen. At first, he does not want to kill Duncan, but then Lady Macbeth questions his manhood â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man; / And, to be more than you were, you would / be so much more the man† (I, vii, 49-51). She tells Macbeth that she would kill her own child to have a chance like this â€Å" I have given suck, and know / how tender ‘tis to love the babe that milks me:...

The Success of Micro Finance in Pakistan :: Finance

As found by Hartangi (2007) that success of Micro finance depends upon the practices of that specific bank, which finance poor people, by quoting and example of BRI (Bank Rakyat, Indonesia) researcher says that they provide technical and moral support to the people they lend money, and make sure they do good, they also choose different collaterals like motorcycle, cars, cattle, and land etc to secure their loan yet making collateral stronger incase the client fails to repay and credits interesting for lower class community. Beside this, Risk management, internal audit, financial procedures, transparent system, dedicated staff, and clear incentives to staff and clients are the factors which contribute toward the successful lending of micro finances. Obamuyi (2009) says that poor credit culture and low risk management can result in low rate of return, which finally ends with the failure of the scheme. The risk of low rate of return can also be minimized by the assistance provided by th e MFIs to develop the small business of clients (Zelealem, Temtime, & Shunda, 2003). RESEARCH METHADOLOGY Study type This study is a correlational study in which relation between income level, living standard, access to education, and empowerment due to micro financing in Pakistan is studied. Study setting Study was conducted in natural environment, and no lab settings were used while studying the relationship between income level, empowerment, access to education, and access to health facilities due to MFIs in Pakistan has been studies, which makes this study a non-contrived study. Unit of Analysis Different individuals, who obtained micro finances from Micro financial institutions of Pakistan, were asked to record their responses. Time Horizon Data was collected from individuals who obtained micro finances from MFIs in Pakistan once in one month time period; there will be no further data collection for this study. The collected responses are one shot, which make this study a cross-sectional study. Data This study utilized primary data as well as secondary data. Primary data was gathered from individual who obtained micro finances from MFIs in Pakistan, data was gathered using a prepared research instrument. And secondary data was collected for literature review, from different online research databases. Data Analysis Data was inspected, cleaned, transformed and modeled using SPSS V.17.0 to highlight useful information. Linear Regression was applied as per the requirement of the study to explore the relationship between increase in income, living standard, access to education, and empowerment, due to MFIs in Pakistan. Sampling type A non probability convenience sampling was done, questionnaire were distributed among customers of MFIs who were conveniently available to the researcher.

Qweerty

Delhi Technological University Established under Govt. of Delhi Act 6 of 2009 (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering) Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi -110 042. F. NO. /HO/DTU/2012-13/ Notice DATE: – The following B. Tech, M. Tech. , MBA Boys & Girls students are allotted hostel accommodation and they may avail their allotment from 10. 09. 2012 to 14. 09. 2012. If someone fails to avail accommodation as directed above, their allotment may be cancelled and the same may be allotted to the other waiting B. Tech, M. Tech, MBA students. 2K12 B. TECH GIRLSS. NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 FORM NO. 741 1839 353 715 515 563 1470 1680 839 1788 1672 431 146 1445 1616 797 1718 1613 NAME AKSHITA BHATNAGAR ANNU NIRMAL SAKSHI PABARI POOJA PABARI RITVIKA PANDEY ARADHANA GAHLAUT SUKRITI KHANNA SIVANI BANSAL PRIYA GARG DIPALI RANJAN SUPRIYA AZAD TEENA MEENA SONALIKA DEBNATH ASHA KUMARI SUGANDHA SINGH TANYA MARWAH P SMITAA SWAPNIL ASAWA 2K11 B. TECH GIRLS S. NO. 1 2 3 4 FO RM NO. 74 340 231 694 NAME ANJALI SEJWAL SARJANA YADAV AKANKSHA SETH DEEPALI KANSAL 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 12 1712 614 1575 788 494 296 309 1003 437 736 1410 607 770 656 HARSHITA BIRDI PRAJYA SHARMA SWATI KANDHARI SAMIKSHA AGARWAL DAMINI GOEL GUNJAN GUPTA MEDHA SHARMA GARIMA ANAND SHASHI RANI HARSHADA SORTE BHAVNA SALUJA CHARU CHANCHAL PARUSHA MITTAL DIVYA NEGI SHREYA CHAUDHARY 2K11 MBA GIRL S. NO 1 FORM NO. NAME 26 JYATI KAMRA 2K12 M. TECH GIRLS S. NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 FORM NO. 1037 1189 1 110 358 35 7 1085 79 NAME NEHA NAGPAL PRATIBHA NUPUR VERMA JYOTI PARMAR MILOVA PAUL ANKITA GUPTA RUPALI VIJ SREEVIDYA B ANJALI 2K12 MBA GIRLS S. NO 1 2 3 FORM NO 266 907 1473 NAMENAMITA JHAMB KIRTI YADAV ADITI UPADHYAY 2K9 B. TECH BOYS S. NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 FORM NO. 648 221 552 272 1460 531 1511 NAME MAULIK KANDPAL SHUSHANT SINGH MAHENDER KUMAR MEENA SHAIV KASHYAP SHUBHAM GARG SACHIN KUMAR PRATEEK AGRAWAL 2K10 B. TECH BOYS S. NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 FORM NO. 1417 1018 60 113 1430 1434 NAME RAHUL PRASAD YOGESH NIKHIL HOODA SAURABH SHARMA AVIKANT GUPTA ANMOL AGGARWAL 2K11 B. TECH BOYS S. NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 FORM 1084 785 1235 704 452 513 148 624 1172 NAME AMANDEEP SINGH SHUBHAM JAIN AMANPREET SINGH WALIA AAKASH CHAUHAN KUMAR SUNDARAM NITESH KUMAR PRASHANT JAIN KUMAR HARSH YUVRAJ SINGLA K12 B. TECH BOYS S. NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 FORM 1265 890 1416 492 1862 413 564 1352 833 1301 1650 1793 954 1673 1038 1486 NAME BHAWANI SHANKAR SINGH BHANDARI SHUVAM PRASAD MANAS RANJAN PADHY FAIZY RAHMAN AMIT PANDA SAARTHAK JAJORIA SHAILENDER KUMAR MOHIT JAIN PRASHANT KUMAR KARAN SURI VAISHVIK DABAS RONNIE MATHEW PUSHKAR CHOUDHARY VIVEK KUMAR MASKARA GAUTAM RATHEE ABHINAV SAINI 2K12 M. TECH BOYS S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Form No. 1854 862 717 166 1047 Name MOHAMMAD RIZWAN SHAIKH ROHIT GOYAL SANDEEP RANA SAMEER VERMA ASHOK KUMAR KUMAWATDue to the shortage of furniture 2K12 Boys & Girls (B. Tech, M. Tech & MBA) have to bring their folding furniture. The process of procuring the f urniture by the office is in process. When University provides the furniture, students may take their furniture back. (V. JEGANATHAN) O/I HOSTEL OFFICE D. T. U Copy to:1. Chief Warden 2. PS to Pro-Vice Chancellor for information 3. PS to Vice Chancellor for kind information of Hon’ble Vice Chancellor

Dynamis Fund case study Essay

Compared to individual portfolios, such funds woo investors by offering several advantages namely: professional asset/money management, liquidity and more diversification than most individuals can create or afford in a personal portfolio. The brokerage’s motivation in recommending energy investments can be explained by the high commission that could be earned. Hedge funds charge a fee for assets under management and incentive fees based on a certain percentage of the profits earned. With good stock picking, the brokerage would be able to earn profits in both up and down markets. A regional broker would want to offer hedge funds because they are only lightly regulated and thus the fund managers can use more advanced investment strategies such as a leveraged and derivatives positions. It is stated in their selling memorandum that their mission is to exploit investment opportunities in publicly traded companies in the energy sector. Hence, the fund seeks to generate above average returns relative to both S&P Energy composite and the broader market through a variety of investment instruments. Also, the fund’s use of various strategies will be designed to minimize risk while maximizing potential return, again increasing the commission that could be paid to the hedge fund managers. This potentially high level of compensation helps the brokerage retain talented brokers and specialists, raising the reputation of the firm. Furthermore, investing in energy funds serves as a diversification tool. This is because from historical records, energy prices have had a high correlation with inflation. In times of rising inflation, energy funds have been found to perform better than the market. Thus, they are able to act as a source of risk diversification. This explains the presence of a market for such energy funds. 1 In addition, energy funds have been a very popular fund with investors. The high dependence on oil in all parts of the world has made energy stocks a hedge for emerging market portfolios. With a demand for such energy stocks, a regional brokerage will want to cash in on this opportunity and offer energy funds. In order to cater to a larger crowd of investors, the brokerage firm will offer energy hedge funds to sophisticated investors and energy mutual fund to general public who will like to invest in energy fund, but are unable to do so given their smaller amount of capital. Investing in energy funds is often complicated and risky, given the volatility of such commodities. Brokerage firms have a fiduciary responsibility to research on such funds before recommending them to their clients. They have to ascertain if the investments are suitable for the clients based on their age, investment experience and tolerance for risk. In view of this, investors prefer a firm that can provide them with personalized services suited to their needs and risk tolerances. To be able to get these services, most of these investors go to regional brokerage firms. Such regional brokerages can deliver the attention to their clients due to their small size. Thus, with such demand in energy funds, regional brokerage firms would be able to make a profit out of offering such instruments. It will allow them to better position themselves in the market. 2. Why did S&S start a hedge fund in addition to its energy portfolio The Energy portfolio is essentially a long equity fund for investors to buy stocks. It is stated that in their selling memorandum that the Energy Portfolio will seek to earn above average returns by investing in smaller and medium-size companies that are growing earnings and cash flow in a dramatic way. Therefore, it can only stand to gain when the market goes up. On the other hand, the introduction of the hedge fund will provide benefits to both its investors and the fund manager in the following ways: 2 For the investors, the hedge fund acts as a better investment for reaping returns in both bull and bear markets by having both long and short positions. Also, hedge funds are lightly regulated as compared to mutual funds and thus the fund managers can pursue more advanced and a wider range of strategies including leverages, derivatives, short sales, options and futures contracts. The flexibility in managing the hedge funds allows fund managers to exploit opportunities within the energy sector. The potentially higher returns attract investors with higher risk tolerance. Hedge funds cater to sophisticated investors who earn a minimum amount of money annually and have a certain amount of net worth, along with investment knowledge. It helps to cater to the needs of the sophisticated investors and target a substantially different market from the mutual funds. This is in line with S&S’s corporate strategy of providing the best possible service to its retail customers and continuing to grow the asset management business. As for the fund managers, a hedge fund provides a radically different incentive package than the typical mutual fund. The fees paid by investors are higher as compared to that for mutual funds, including additional fees that mutual funds do not charge. There are no restrictions on the fees a hedge fund manager can charge, as compared to mutual fund fees which are regulated and transparent. The energy hedge fund charges a 1% management fee, which is for the same service that the management fee covers in mutual funds. This fee alone may form a substantial part of the fund manager’s profit, thus making the management of the hedge fund attractive to the fund manager.

Burger Machine

Burger Machine Holdings Corporation, more commonly known as Burger Machine , is one of the notable fastfood companies in the Philippines. It is a sub-company of the Gilmore Food Corporation. Unlike Jollibee and other burger chains, Burger Machine has always been retailing in outdoor stands instead of shops. History It was created in 1981 by Fe Esperanza S. Rodriguez and a sister who both planned to turn two old small buses into mobile stores, an idea they adapted from America. It was their fondness for hamburgers that inspired them to make a business that would serve for the masses. The stores were hen opened near two gas stations in Quezon City. They all began with a capital of P40,000 with nearly two dozen employees working continuously. This non-stop service earned Burger Machine the nickname of â€Å"the burger that never sleeps. † A year later, a third store was opened. The company was nationally recognized. In 1990, the Corporate Office in EDSA started and was called EDS A Business Unit. It was also in this year when the Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the Department of Science and Technology confirmed their burgers as â€Å"source of the most nutrients in terms of peso value compared to other eading hamburger chains. † Through the years, Burger Machine launched dozens of branches including stalls and full-scale fast food restaurants. But during the Asian Financial Crisis of the 90's, the company saw more struggles and was forced to close down several branches and restaurants. Burger Machine is now back to its roots operation which is 24/7 burger stands for the masses. Other information One distinctive character associated with the company is the dwarf which appears on every outlet. For a number of years it had been unnamed. Later in 1988, it was given one, Burger Bart through a name contest. 1] Graphic designer/visual communicator Zeus Paredes coined the name â€Å"BURGER MACHINE† and designed the original logo and graphics o n the mobile stores. The business was widely advertised on television in the mid-1990s. Among those who helped promote it include the Philippines' late master rapper Francis Magalona and iconic band Eraserheads. Permit controversy In 2007, it was revealed that a majority of Burger Machine's stores have been operating without business licenses . Because of this, the Market Development and Administration Department gave them 15 days to go with the demands lest Burger Machine s well as its parent Gilmore would undergo such consequences, specifically having those stores closed. Financial Aspects of Business by Brian Hill, Demand Media Finance is a business function that uses numbers and analytical tools to help managers make better decisions. Every business owner must learn at least basic finance principles to effectively run his company. Finance helps management gain a clear understanding of the company’s current financial position, particularly whether the business is profitabl e or not. Companies of all sizes benefit from thorough financial planning to guide the usiness steadily down the path to future growth. Forecasting And Planning During the planning process, management determines numerical goals for the upcoming 12 months, or in the case of a long-range plan, for three years or more. Company management then maps out the actions that need to be taken, and the timeframe, for the goals to be reached. Finance comes into play when the action steps are converted to forecast numbers for revenues and expenses. Managers with financial planning expertise are able to create forecasts that are attainable yet aggressive. They must also have sufficient nderstanding about company operations to build spreadsheet financial models based on assumptions that are realistic. Accounting And Measuring Results Accounting is the branch of finance responsible for recording financial data and generating financial statements that show the company’s operating results, as w ell as other critical functions such as tax compliance. Accounting has its own set of rules and standards for the recording of financial information and the presentation of results, called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP. Strict compliance with the standards allows ompany management to be assured the statements they receive are complete and accurate. Finance goes one step further and interprets the results. Variance analysis is done to compare actual results to forecast and uncover the reasons for negative or positive deviations. Finance staff members compare the company’s financial results to those of other companies in the industry to see whether the company is performing above or below average, compared with its peers. Monitoring Cash Position All businesses, particularly smaller ones that do not have large cash reserves or borrowing capacity, must always keep an ye on their cash position — the inflows and outflows of cash. The finance department i s charged with forecasting cash flow to prevent potentially disruptive shortages of cash. In a small company this can mean serious problems, such as not being able to pay employees at the end of the week. Investing surplus cash to achieve a maximum return is also part of the finance function. In larger companies these investment activities take place on a daily basis and involve constant monitoring of the financial markets to select the best investments for such things as the company’s employee retirement plan. Analysis for Decision MakingFinance can be likened to a toolbox for company management to use. The tools help answer questions that management must address when making small and large decisions. A small decision might be whether to lease or buy a new copy machine. A large decision for which finance provides guidance could be whether to acquire a competitor in order to grow the company more quickly. The goal of the data gathering and sometimes complex financial modeling utilized in finance is to ensure the company makes the most efficient use of its finite resources, including the capital, human resources and productive capacity.

Anana

Study Guide Note about the purpose of this Study Guide: This study guide is to help you be aware of the information you'll need to know to earn an A* on the Unit Exam for my class. I have also noted the related objectives that may be tested on during the Cambridge Exam at the end of the year. Cambridge Themes and Key Questions Addressed: Theme 1 : Government and the People 1754-2000 Key Question 1: How did Americans develop the U. S. Political system during the period from 1754 to 1865? Why did relations between the British and the colonists deteriorate before 1776?How was the Constitution created? The writings of John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Tom Paine The Revolutionary War: political and military leadership, military events, and their consequences 1775-83 Theme 2: Who Are Americans? Key Question 1: How far did the economic, social, and political status of Native Americans change from 1754 to 2000? Theme 4: America and the World 1754-2010 Key Question 1: How were the borders of the nation defined by 1853? How important was the role of France in shaping the borders of U. S. A.? To what extent were war and diplomacy with Brittany important in defining U.S. Borders? VOCABULARY: Duties/Tariffs Import Export Revenue Martyr Tyrant/Tyranny Autocratic Militia Direct Tax Indirect Tax Loyalists Patriots Aristocracy Monarchy (and hereditary monarchy) Effigy Boycott Tar & Feathering Mercantilism: forerunner to imperialism; colonies help a mother country become self-sufficient and wealthy; idea that no great nation can exist without colonies; economic nationalism; limit imports from other countries but encourage exports to other countries.

Operating Procedure Essay

Introduction Hospitality management is being able to handle the relationship between guests and hosts. Also this is an act or practice of hospitability.It includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers,resorts, membership clubs, conventions, attractions, special events, and other services for travelers and tourists. The Hotel and Restaurant Management Industry must have Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) to guide them in their day to day business operation. An SOP is a document which describes the regularly recurring operations relevant to the quality of the investigation. The purpose of an SOP is to carry out the operations procedure correctly and to do transactions actions repeatedly in the same manner always. Moreover, an SOP manual should be available at the workplace at all times. This serves as a compulsory instruction and guide to every user. Deviations from this instructions should not be allowed and the conditions for these should be documented including who can give permission for this and what exactly the complete procedures will be. The original copy of the manual should rest at a secure place while working copies should be authenticated with stamps and with signatures of authorized persons represented by the company. These SOPs are detailed explanations of how a policy is to be implemented in the company. The main difference between an SOP and a policy are details. An effective SOP communicates who will perform the task, what materials are necessary, where the task will take place, when the task shall be performed,and how the person will execute the task. Aside from the different types of Standard Operating Procedures the manual provides,It should also give instructions for safety precautions in using equipment, laboratory instruments, machines and etc. Moreover, for safety and protection of the users (employees), SOP may be classified further to: 1.) Fundamental SOPs – these give instructions how to make SOPs of the other categories. 2.) Methodic SOPs – these describe a complete testing system or method of investigation.(this include SOP for safety precaution – standard  procedures for operating instruments, apparatus and other equipment; and SOP for analytical methods – preparation of reagents, receiving and registration of samples, for quality assurance and for achievingand how to deal with complaints). Safety and precautionary measures are integral partsin the foundation of building and including the food industry when it comes to food preparing, food cooking and food processing. Also, it should give safety and security in the management of people. It should identify hazardous activities, preventing it by means of doing everything that is needed. Our thesis study focuses on the standard operating procedures in the kitchen laboratories at Adamson University. These will help the university further improve its procedure for safety and security precautionary measures for the student users of the kitchen laboratory. Background The field of work and study of the profession of individuals management in hotels, restaurants, and other institutions are in the hospitality and tourism industry is known as hospitality management. Our thesis will study and comprise the field of hospital industry management of the standard operating procedure for safety and precautionary measures. Hospitality management industry has its own diversity such as when people go out to travel in different places, check in to hotels, hang out and eat at different restaurants, watch movie marathon at any cinema place, and relax at bars or music bars of differentplaces. Hospitality management deals more with the administration and supervision of the works and actions to know the different needs and adjustments in making and writing the SOPs in the different business places that require customer service and hospitality management.Furthermore, it needs a human power relating to the physical capacity of individual to handle such management. In our study, it will not only showcasethe safety and precautionary measures of kitchen laboratory hazards but also aim the enhancement of the living capacity of every involved person directly connected in the processing and operation of the laboratory kitchen of Adamson University. Some examples presented of the hazardous activities are accidents in the kitchen and in the usage of  kitchen equipment like cut from knives or slicer. It includes also the environment where it took place, it affects the carrying out of intervention like slip and falls on wet floor resulting to bruises or wounds. The measures of the safety and precaution of students and professors while in the kitchen laboratory should be observed at all times. Safety is a means of avoidance or prevention related to the engagement in accident or unwanted scenario. Safety must be taught as a way and part of the lives in the culture of business. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This conceptual framework focuses on the assessment of the standard operating procedures in the kitchen laboratory of Adamson University Hospitality Management Departmentas perceived by Hospitality Management Students and Faculty members of Adamson University. The demographic profile of the respondents and the observation of equipment, tools, proper scheduling, receiving and returning of tools, proper storage of tools and equipment in stockrooms are the dependent variables. Using every questionnaire, the researchers were able to determine whether the standard operating procedures inside the kitchen laboratories of Adamson University had a big impact in terms of the safety of their students and professors. CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM Figure 1. Title? The figure shows the conceptual paradigm of this study based on the Input, Process and Output (I-P-O) mechanism. The Description in the input of the SOP presented the assessment of the Kitchen Laboratory of Adamson University Hospitality Management Department. In terms of profile of the respondents, factors to be considered in SOP are kitchen manual proper implementation, equipment usage, receiving and returning activities, and proper storage. The process and technique, on the other hand, comprised the distribution of questionnaire, carrying out surveys, and performing observations. In the final output, kitchen manual will be presented and suggested based on the questionnaire, survey and observation results.