Public Issues and Personal Problems

PUBLIC ISSUES AND PERSONAL PROBLEMS Most of the time, we don’t think of problems we go through as social issues, but when we compare ourselves to others we can see that many of the everyday problems of average people occur on a larger basis in our country. Some are easier to spot such as unemployment, even though it affects each person laid off once the rates get to a certain point it is obvious that the rates are due to economical factors not the characteristics of each individual (Mills 1). I have found that a problem that is becoming more evident in our daily life is a growing use of dangerous supplements in teenage athletes.When I was thirteen I started in my first school sport. I became a runner. I fell in love with the sport. As I grew older it was something that dominated my life on and off the mat. I often found myself in class wishing I were running. Naturally as I became older I also became more a competitive athlete, as did the rest of my friends that ran or played any high school sport for that matter. Talk of being a competitor at state championships or who was favored at the next match often filled the hallways. Generally this competition appeared a good thing to me. I was a better athlete because of that competition.Being a runner I often heard people talk about â€Å"why would you do that to your body? † referring to dropping weight. At first the idea seemed absurd. The conversations with others about what supplements I was taking or not taking took place almost every day. As I spent more time conversing with wrestlers from other school I found the phenomenon was far from isolated to my school or even my state. Pills such as Xenadrine, DHEA, and Androstat where almost a necessary thing. To keep up with the bell curve of students taking the same things everyone â€Å"had to do it. Instead of sticking with these already dangerous or at the very least unhealthy pills people often felt pushed to try even bigger and better things. Over time the use of very unhealthy supplements to drop or gain weight or to gain any kind of edge became almost common. Sadly many of these pills, drinks, and even injections where available to anyone at most â€Å"health food stores. † The long term use of these can have a devastating effect on teens. I have seen the best wrestlers walk off the mat and into the locker room to puke. Thankfully I have never known anyone personally to suffer any long-term effects but I ave often seen on the news and read in the paper about athletes that have. I recently saw on the news that a pitching prospect for the Oriels, Steve Belcher, died from taking Xenadrine RFA-1. It is true that this was not the only factor, but it was defiantly a major contributor. I am familiar with this particular drug as I probably went through two hundred dollars worth in high school. The major ingredient is Ephedrine. Ephedrine is the principal extract from Ma Huang. Ephedrine is a â€Å"beta-adrenergic agonist,à ¢â‚¬  which means it increases heart rate, blood pressure, and thermal energy by burning fat for energy.My experience with this is it is very effective but unless a person is already in good health (which is unlikely if they are taking a fat burning formula) this can be a very dangerous chemical. Such as in the case of Steve Belcher. The company that makes Xenadrine recently released a new formula of the supplement with out Ephedrine in my opinion because this is because Ephedrine is being evaluated by the USDA and may become illegal over the counter. As I made it though high school and I no longer take part in the rush for the hot new supplements to make me perform better I have found that I haven’t even thought about it in a long time.At the time I didn’t even give it a second thought but now I see that supplements that are meant for short term use by grown adults or that are just plain not healthy to use for anyone are finding their way to the hands of athletes mor e often. The need to gain an edge and be the best drives them to do whatever it takes for them to win. I find myself relegated to telling my little brother of the dangers and hoping that these supplements will be pulled from the shelf before more harm is done. Bibliography: Works Cited Mills, C. Wright â€Å"The Promise† Mapping the Social Landscape, Ed Susan J. Ferguson McGraw Hill, 2002. 1-6.

Macbeth by William Shakespeare

Analyses how the writer created a subliminal message in the written or visual text In the play and film Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, a subliminal message was Macbeth questioning his sexuality. Techniques that helped me to understand this were 21 SST century song lyrics, film techniques, and Wisped. The audience first question Machete's sexuality in the beginning of the play, when Lady Macbeth convinces him to kill Duncan because she thinks Macbeth has a secret crush on the King.Lady Macbeth Is Jealous because King Duncan has more followers on Instating, which Is why she forces Macbeth Into stabbing Duncan In his sleep. A technique that helped me to understand why Macbeth would never love Lady Macbeth Is when she says that â€Å"thy haters guan hate, hate, hate† so she will just â€Å"shake it off, shake it off'. This showed the audience what a bad choice Macbeth made when he married her, and this is obviously why he turned gay. We then see the subliminal message o f Macbeth questioning his sexuality when he kills Banana.Macbeth does this because Banana rejected him, and Macbeth is embarrassed so he sides to kill Banana for turning him down. A technique that helped me to understand why Banana rejected Macbeth is when we see Machete's Shiite haircut, which he probably only paid $2 for. This helped the audience to realize why Banana didn't want to â€Å"swing from thy chandelier† with Macbeth, and this showed me how important a good haircut is if you want someone to love you. We finally accept the subliminal message of Machete's sexuality when Lady Macbeth kills herself because she realizes Macbeth is gay.After walking around without any clothes on to try and win Macbeth back, Lady Macbeth can tell that he â€Å"don't want none unless you got buns hunt†, which she obviously doesn't have. This leads to her Jumping Off building and splattering onto the floor. Macbeth doesn't seem to grieve when he hears that she is dead, and a techni que that helped me to understand this is when we see a close up of his face. You can tell by looking at his eyebrows that he is actually overjoyed that Lady Macbeth is dead, because now he can run away with Macadam.Through the use of 21 SST century song lyrics, film techniques, and Wisped, Shakespeare wanted us to understand how Macbeth was actually homosexual. This helped the audience to realize that Shakespeare was probably gay too, and this was his way of come out without being accused of doing It for rewets. Macbeth by William Shakespeare: Macbeth Questioning His Sexuality By Laboriousness's this were 21st century song lyrics, film techniques, and Wisped. The audience first King.Lady Macbeth is Jealous because King Duncan has more followers on Instating, which is why she forces Macbeth into stabbing Duncan in his sleep. A Macbeth is when she says that â€Å"thy haters guan hate, hate, hate† so she will Just didn't want to â€Å"swing from thy chandelier† with Macbe th, and this showed me how buns hunt†, which she obviously doesn't have. This leads to her Jumping off a building Through the use of 21st century song lyrics, film techniques, and Wisped, his way of come out without being accused of doing it for rewets.

The relationship between religious traditions and design in Essay

The relationship between religious traditions and design in architecture - Essay Example The dead were buried inside the walls of the Catacombs – the walls were dug and the dead placed inside after which that space was closed and the name of the person buried was written on the cap closing that space. The Catacombs had great significance to the Christians because they acted as their safe haven where they Christians could practice their religious rites without obstruction. They can as well be compared to Egypt at the time when King Herod went ahead to kills all the new born and Jesus was flown to Egypt to escape being killed since he was a newborn then. Inside the Catacombs were inscribed artworks. These artworks enhanced the faith of the Christians who came to worship in the catacombs. The fact that Martyrs were buried in the Catacombs also acted as a sense of connection to heaven through the martyrs. The Catacombs despite being underground in darkness were a great inspiration to the Christian faithful. This might Gothic structure was constructed by King Louis IX. He was quite devoted to Christianity and decided to build a huge chapel that could house precious relics. The King went about buying holy relics, for instance the crown of thorns among others, to be housed in this chapel. The King also wanted his Kingdom to be landmark for western Christendom. The structural supports are very few on the inside. This was done to create more space for the stained glass. The result is that the internal appearance is greatly beautiful and well lit. Looking up on the roof from the inside reveal the great beauty of the internal structures. The art drawn on the stained glass add to this beauty. The height of this structure is of significance as it is an indication of pointing heavenwards. The relics contained inside also have great significance to the Christian faith. The lower chapel in this structure was dedicated to Virgin Mary the mother of Jesus. She is a significant figure in the Christian faith particularly the Catholics. The

Sylvester Stallone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sylvester Stallone - Essay Example His mother, Jackie Stallone, was of two origins. She was half-Russian and half French. He has a younger brother, Frank Stallone and both were both named after their paternal grandfather. Since his baptism, he has been a Catholic. During his childhood, he suffered a lot from his parents’ hostility. His parents were so hostile that their relationship ended in a divorce in 1957. This led to Sylvester moving to Philadelphia with his mother and a foster father. Due to environmental and social changes, Sylvester suffered academic and emotional changes. He became very troubled in school and this led to his expulsion in most of the schools that he joined. His mother enrolled him to a special high school for the troubled and mischievous youth. While at Philadelphia, he spent most of his time at foster care but this changed after joining Devereaux High School where he joined the gym class and started lifting weights (Sanford, Carl and Howard 15). After his graduation, he won an athletic scholarship program at an American College located in Switzerland. He became a coach of a girls’ athletic club and after a short time gained interest in drama. He starred in of the school productions in the college. This motivated him to join the world of drama and he could not wait to go back to the United States of America where he joined the University of Miami and studied drama. It is in 1969 when he decided to pursue his dream in drama and acting. He went back to New York where he had to work in different low paying workplaces to make ends meet. He became an usher at a New York theatre and worked part time jobs at the Central Park Zoo. He made his first appearance in the film industry after acting a soft-core porn film by the name ‘A party at kitty studs’. He frequently auditioned and soon became famous in the industry due to his role as a tough person in most films paralyzed (Sanford, Carl and Howard 12). However, the industry became more competitive and h e became discouraged after being turned down for the film ‘The Godfather’ in 1971. This led to Sylvester turning his attention to writing screenplays and it bore fruit in 1973 after he starred in the movie Rebel. Sylvester’s first major role in the film industry was in 1976 after he wrote the movie’s script. A fight between Chuck Wepner and Muhammad Ali form, which he wrote the script, had motivated him (Dunn). He wanted to play the role himself and after a long struggle with producers Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler, he was assigned the role. The film became very successful and was nominated for best actor and best original screenplay at the Academy Awards. Stallone earned lots of profits from this film. In 1982, he had the role of writing and directing Rocky II that became a major success after grossing over $200 million. This became the turning point for his career in the film industry. All the films he directed from this point on gained lots of money irrespective of the presence of critics to his films (Celebrity Net Worth). These films include Rambo, The specialist, Cash, Tango, Cobra, Demolition Man among others (Stallone 15). The new millennium did not pose a good start to Sylvester’s career since the movies that he stared in or produced did not sell as expected. However, a re-production of Rambo in 2008 and later The Expendables made him rise in chats at the film

PEST Analysis of Pizza Hut Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

PEST Analysis of Pizza Hut Inc - Essay Example A PEST analysis has been conducted to assess the international marketing environment of the firm. The next section covers the international promotional decisions the firm makes to be a global brand. Pizza Hut’s international market entry strategies are covered in the next portion which illustrates how it assesses the market before it enters it so that it can modify itself accordingly. The international segmentation strategies are then highlighted to show how the firm segments its international market. Lastly, the market research methods of the firm are discussed to show how the firm understands the market it enters and survives in. Pizza Hut and other fast-food chains like McDonald's have been accused of causing obesity due to their calorie contained products which are making nations fat and it seems like the issue will be a national issue and concern (BBC, 2007). Legal actions have been taken against competitors like McDonald's, however, Pizza Hut has been saved from the nega tive image building for now, however, it will have its trickle-down effect and soon legal actions would be taken against the brand too(Dev and Don, 2005). To avoid this, the firm is incorporating healthier meals in its menu which are less in calories but it has not been able to do it on a large scale. However, for now, governments have not been involved to put legal restrictions on fast-food chains but this is becoming increasingly likely and the firm should take action to protect itself. The strategy of introducing healthy meal options should be applied globally so that the firm can be proactive and be saved from government restrictions and legal involvements (BBC, 2007).

Discuss some of the ways differences and inequalities are made on Essay

Discuss some of the ways differences and inequalities are made on streets in the UK - Essay Example Streets, infrastructure and telecommunications services have a role to play in the differences and inequalities people have. Most streets have some common aspects but still there exist unique characteristics which are visible in the society. Things that show some uniqueness in the streets include; dressing style, activities people perform, their material possessions like vehicles, ways they are governed by, the way they interact with other people and how they handle things like conflicts in the society (Amartya  & James 1997). In UK, streets give people from a certain neighbourhood a sense of belonging and thus they feel they are part of that society. They play a big role in determining how people relate to one another in the streets and in their neighbourhood and thus bringing about the differences and inequality among people from different streets and neighbourhoods. Differences and inequality in the streets of UK could be as a result of the difference in the economic status of people living in a certain street or estate. Materialism is a key separation point between groups of people living in different suburbs. The wealthier the people are the more they see themselves to be greater than the other. The lower income people are looked down upon by the people who earn high income. Their perspectives on their role in street developments also conflicts and this brings about differentiation and inequality between the two groups of people (Sala 2006). All the people in the society today have a role to play in making it a better place and make it have a sense of community. The people in the streets; shopkeepers, cafà © operators, policemen, traders etc, aim at improving their own standards of living and live in a better neighbourhood. As a result differences and inequalities will always be part of the streets. In UK every street wants to have good infrastructure and

Extend order about ((Identifying and Evaluating a Model for Thesis

Extend order about ((Identifying and Evaluating a Model for Integrating Physical and Virtual Identity Access Management Systems) ) - Thesis Example Steinfield explained an advantage of the integration of physical with virtual services and stated that it causes the â€Å"death of distance† [53]. This analogy implies that distance is irrelevant for the modern man since organizations do not need to establish a physical establishment to provide services, rather it can be done on a remote basis with the aid of internet technology. Steinfield further explained the ‘death of distance’ with the economic perspective; virtual services tend to incur lesser expenses for the organization as compared to the physical ones since there are lesser operational and management costs [53]. Steinfield also stated that the level of trust tends to increase if the virtual services are accompanied with physical ones too, therefore, it can be stated that there regulates a lesser degree of trust around the virtual services as compared to the physical ones [53]. Woodworth defined physical identity as the physical characteristics or the external attributes that are possessed by the individual [84]. Oracle included a discussion regarding an access management system in one of their white papers and stated that it was based on the authentication and verification of physical identities; the examples of physical identities that are implemented in this system are biometrics, RFID, smart cards [85]. Woodworth discussed virtual identities and stated that â€Å"virtual spaces and the tools within† that are used for â€Å"identity construction and the self-presentation† of the individual [84]. With respect to the definition by Woodworth [84], it can be stated that if the tools within the virtual spaces are used to authenticate the users on the basis of any proof of identity then it can be termed as a virtual identity. For example, a smart card is a physical identity, however if this identity is read in an online environment with the

Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Business - Coursework Example Gulf restaurant incorporates services of highly qualified and proficient staff from the Middle East to facilitate the preparation of products and services. The management team consists of my partner and me as joint directors of the business. He will head the finance and human resource department while I manage the marketing, sales and operational activities. Since we are the sole owners, we provide the entire capital for investing in the business. We both bring in our exceptional expertise, in the various fields of academic qualification for the success of the business. The mission statement of Gulf restaurant is a fair profit margin and a rewarding place for employees and customers. The objective is to become leading fast food franchise, serving high quality food products to the esteemed customers. Within the forecast, the business expects to begin slowly, but catch up as it matures. The expected sales will range, with expectations of between $300 to $1000 at the start, and $800 to $3000 when the business gains grounds in the market. The profit margins are marginal as they represent the mission of the business venture. To tackle the desires of the market, we feature in a calculated business strategy for facilitating services to the customers, which will help the business achieve its objectives. Gulf restaurant is an idea conceived from my visit to the Arabic gulf, particularly when I visited The United Arabs Emirates in the past two years. In the city of Dubai, there are several western and European restaurants, offering ready restaurant services including cuisines, desserts and main dishes among other recipes on their menu. To my dismay on arriving to this place, the tourist, business people alongside all other people of different colours, flocked various restaurants all requesting for the local foods of the Arabic origin. This caught my attention, creating an interest to establish the secret to the success of western restaurants in the Arabic

Product investagition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Product investagition - Assignment Example .........................................................................................................†¦...7 Energy Source†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.8 Labels†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 Use†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Maintenance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......9 Disposal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 i. Functions and Purposes An electrical screwdriver is a general hand-tool that comes in numerous versions that serve different functions. Screwdrivers are used to supplant or restore a mass of objects. Electrical screwdrivers are used in lessening and tightening screws. Screwdriver and screws are imperative factors in the completion of any project. A screwdriver tightens screws used to hold together plastic, wood, metal and other materials. Screwdrivers rotate a screw and drive it into a m etal, wood or plastic material (Kinghorn, 2007). The spiral design of the screws adds security and stability to such items. Other than driving screws, screw drivers also serve other purposes according to their design. There are four primary electrical screwdrivers: Flat-head screwdriver, Phillip’s head screwdriver, Allen Wrench screwdrivers and Star screwdrivers. A flat-head electrical screw driver is differentiated by its undeviating metallic edge. It is used to drive in or out screws with a single opening at the top. This screwdriver has magnetic properties that can be used to lift metallic screws from a tin or a hole when stuck. It is also used in small items (Kinghorn, 2007). The Philip’s head screwdriver is a modern screwdriver used in computers, household appliances, calculators, mobile phones and other electronics. It comes in different sizes and is easily stripped. It is used in screwing in and out screws in home appliances, laptops, computers, mobile phones an d calculators. Arguably, screwdrivers assist in completing projects by driving screws into a metal, plastic and wood material, and satisfactorily ensure that such items are stable and secure (Kinghorn, 2007). ii. Components Driving a screw into a material has been made one of the easiest operations in homesteads. An electrical screwdriver comprises of the electric motor, rechargeable battery, the switch, a gear system, the chuck, and the screw steel bar, and the handle (Cheng, 2007). The electric motor operates under magnets and magnetism. It utilizes magnetism to generate motion. The like poles in the motor oppose each other, and this creates the motion of the motor that rotates the screwdriver to drive the screw into a material (Miller, 2007). The switch avoids flow of unnecessary electricity to the motor and supplies power to the motor. It is covered to avoid electrocution. The gear system consists of the primary part of the device. It gives the device adequate strength and power to drill into a piece of wood or plastic. The gear system

Team Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Communication - Essay Example Team development can be achieved by effective communication which increased cohesiveness of the team. These types of work structures require a whole new notion of collaboration-collaboration with external constituencies. A potential impediment to the success of work teams comes from differences in employee preferences and values. Just as some cultures are more individualistic or more collectivistic than others, individuals within cultures also vary on this dimension-even though there is, on average, more variation across cultures than within cultures. For example, when faced with the prospect of moving to a team-based work environment, some employees in a study conducted in the United States expressed concerns that reflected their individualistic values. "The communication gauge is read by individually asking team members about the purpose of what they do, why this project exists, and what success looks like for the purpose of team understanding" (Thompson and Border 2008, p. 10). Nu merous impediments will challenge the effective implementation of teams across national contexts, including the inherent time lag between implementation and results, the often tenuous relationships between teams, cultural differences that require adaptations in practices to fit the context, and increasing domestic demographic diversity within nations. As temporary team structures, multicultural teams, and virtual teams proliferate, these team-savvy practitioners will be able to lead their organizations through successful implementation and use of teams in multinational contexts (Hermelis et al 2008). In addition to increasing the likelihood of informal communication through increased contact, proximity increases the quality of communication. By high-quality communication, we mean two-way interactions involving more than one sensory channel. The opportunity for interactions of this type is especially important during the initiation and planning stages of a project, when the need for a rich communication modality is strongest. In addition to increasing the likelihood of informal communication through increased contact, proximity increases the quality of communication. By high-quality communication, we mean two-way interactions involving more than one sensory channel. t (Thompson and Border 2008). The main challenges of team communication are diversity (cultural, age and gender and different perspectives on the research projects. Having multiple opportunities for high-quality, low-cost interactions makes it possible for potential collaborators to find each other and to manage their work efficiently. Without these opportunities for informal communication, collaborations don't get started, and if the opportunity for informal communication declines, collaborative work typically slows down, becomes more burdensome and, sometimes, comes to an end. Teams in individualistic cultures appear to be particularly susceptible to overconfidence. "That the biases inherent in self-selection could skew the exit questionnaires and thus our research findings." (Hermelis et al 2008, p. 342). Individualists view their team as an entity in and of itself rather than one that is connected to the external context and are therefore even less apt to use external sources of information to make correction s in their behavior and improve their performance. Particularly in

National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Essay Example for Free

National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Essay This website is one of the esiest websites I could check about the daily weather through it. I can feel comfotable while Im using the services which provided in the website. This website provide many things and they are very important for me as a pilot.You can be beneficial and awarnce about the weather any where in the United states of America by entring your city and the Zip code of your city then you will get all the information and forcasts about the daily weather in your city. When you open the website you will finde the current tempreture in (C/F ) of the current hour that you opened the website in. As we said it provides a lot of services and we will talk about the most usful and helpful one. Current hazerd service provides you about the warnings around United States map, like the red color for the tornado warnings and blue one for thunderstormes warinings. Also it gives you the freezed areas in blue color. Current condetions service provides the condtion of the weather in many maps like radar and satalite maps.Also you could find the snow condtion around the area and how is it converd and talks about the snow analyzis. Hydrology talks about the weather condition on the rivers and lakes which is very helpful for these people who are going to camping around lakes or rivers, so they be knowledgable about what is going on around that area to know exactley what they should brind to wear ‘ winter or summer clothes ‘. News link provides fresh stories about what happening around the area, if tornado or hurrcain estapleshed in some area you find the information about this news in this link. Useres also can add their reports and I see that its really good service to keep comuncation with people which may make it more accuret informations. You can as user creat your own account and start adding reports about weather and claimet. At the end I could say its really usfull website especially for me as a pilot and for people who are caring about the weather. You can be safe and aware about whats going on in the claimet to avoid thunderstorms and tornedo by seeing the warnings and alarms. Also goo for reguler people they can get information about the current weather and forcast for the whole day which make them aware about whats is going to wear in this whole day and avoiid the very cold weather at the morning in example.

This Mystery Shopping Activity Tourism Essay

This Mystery Shopping Activity Tourism Essay 1.1 Introduction In this assignment, mystery shopping will be shown with relation to three types of hospitality businesses. Mystery Shopping activities should be carried out at regular intervals. Clear performance objectives can be set by the definition of benchmarks which can serve both as possible motivators within the company and also as a parameter in a bonus or commission system. Mystery shopping or a mystery consumer is a tool used externally by market research companies or watchdog organizations or internally by companies themselves to measure quality of service or compliance to regulation, or to gather specific information about products and services. The mystery consumers specific identity is generally not known by the establishment being evaluated. In addition, temporarily implemented Mystery Shopping studies can be made use of to check and evaluate individual marketing activities. Beside that, secret shoppers is a tool used by businesses and market research companies to measure quality of retail service or gather specific information about products and services. Then, mystery shoppers posing as normal customers perform specific tasks-such as purchasing a product, asking questions and then provide detailed reports or feedback about their experiences. Mystery shopping is increasingly used to provide feedback on customer services. Furthermore, some tasks that may be carried out by the mystery shopper include taking photographs, measurements, consumer count or inventory count and so on. Recording the time it takes to complete a specific task with a timer is also a possibility. In todays society, quality customer service depends on whether a business keeps their customers or loses them. However, good marketing brings customers in, but its great service that keeps them. Finding out whether a business is doing well or not can sometimes be difficult to figure out, but the imperative factor is to know what customers think is important, what they want, and what to improve if necessary and a lot of things. The best way to find out this information is create a customer survey. By creating a customer service survey, customers are able to write down their views and opinions about the service they have received. Whether it is good or bad, the comments can then be used to reflect on what may need to be done to the business to either improve it or maintain its standards. 1.2 Comprehensive survey for this mystery shopping activity http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSPUAhK0xbQx-o6TZSV2xMSeGzoj3D3IVJQG822verXBfitYDuR http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSiOIvP7O9E5Soe8MMpo6Gp39HebiKkXE55RlG8hTgY_fNEWYUFAw http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTdbyWhLF7GMsZO2UcsKdldHa2l8IgJ2bt6fb8GqyxOwJnmYP6b This mystery shopping activity is done at three types of hospitality business that is in Pizza Hut, McDonalds and KFC. Interims of service that is competence, friendliness and waiting times , the quality of advice and product recommendation or food survey , living from service standards or perfect , cross selling. Beside this, presentation of goods or foods that want to serve to the customer , availability of goods in the range , indication of prices with a reasonable price for customer, cleanliness in surrounding area and implementation of marketing activities. Essentially, the types of questions that should be asked in the survey such as: (Please tick ) the answers below:- 1. Was the exterior to the restaurant clean? Clean ( ) Good ( ) Poor ( ) 2. Were they greeted in a friendly manner? Excellent ( ) Good ( ) Poor ( ) 3. How long the waiter or waitress take time to served the food ? Less than 15 minutes ( ) More than a minutes ( ) Above one hours ( ) 4. Was the temperature comfortable? Hot ( ) Cold ( ) Warm ( ) 5. Did the staff listen or pay attention carefully or not when the customer ask for something? Good ( ) Poor ( ) Very Poor ( ) 6. Was the restroom clean and fully stocked? Clean ( ) Poor ( ) Very Poor ( ) 7. Cleanliness of the staff ? Very Clean ( ) Good ( ) Poor ( ) 8. The place look like professional ? Yes ( ) No ( ) Balance ( ) 9. How knowledgeable were the customer service representatives at the organization? Very knowledgeable ( ) Good ( ) Poor Knowledgeable ( ) 10. How helpful were the customer service representatives at the organization? Very helpful ( ) Good ( ) Poor ( ) If there is any comments please write here:-________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.3 Conclusion One on one appraisal of each consultants Mystery Shopping report would be recommended to highlight their efficiencies or deficiencies with a view to improving their overall performance in their future dealings with prospective buyers. This could be done at a meeting between your Sales Manager and your Consultant. The National Sales Manager can also perform one on one appraisals of the Mystery Shopping experience with their District Managers to discuss the overall performance of their area of responsibility. The mystery shopper will then give a feedback report to his/her employer. Some tasks that may be carried out by the mystery shopper include taking photographs, measurements, consumer count or inventory count. Recording the time it takes to complete a specific task with a timer is also a possibility. Good marketing brings customers in, but its great service that keeps them. Posing as a customer, a researcher then analyzes the experience, collecting data and rating the encounter based on those measures. Mystery shopping has become a popular market research tool for monitoring customer experience. This is very helpful to us to evaluate the mystery shopping activity. QUESTION 2 2.1 Introduction In this assignment, researched and factors in setting up a restaurant business are going to be explored , but also features such as demographics in attracting and identifying customers are going to be determined. There are many different aspects that need to be well thought of and considered when opening up any new restaurant. Before opening or starting a restaurant business, people are usually unaware of the high failure rate that can happen due to quickly knowing that there can sometimes be more work than they had originally anticipated, resulting in them believing that they are not suited to the restaurant business. Beside this, when open a new restaurant many things can be done with a proper planning, budgeting, having a procedure on how to do and other things. It is because will give a good result the end of a new restaurant and fell in a good appearance, environment, cleanliness, safe work, and a lot of things can be done here. 2.2 Need to consider when open the restaurant? Firstly, deciding on a restaurant concept which can brings of deciding what type of restaurant that want to open will depend of a variety of things. Often times people who want to open their own restaurant want to serve food of their like to cook, in an atmosphere they feel comfortable in. Moreover, other people are interested in Franchising. Restaurant franchises offer a number of benefits, including instant name recognition and built-in marketing. However, many restaurant franchises dont come cheap and owners must be willing to follow a stringent set of rules. Take a look of the examples are franchise vs. independent restaurants, how to become a franchisee and types of restaurants. Secondly, find a good restaurant Location on how the location is vital to the success of any restaurant. There are many factors to consider when searching or looking for that perfect restaurant location, including population base, local employment figures and accessibility. Beside this, once find that a perfect or best location, will need to make sure to negotiate the best lease possible for the new restaurant that are finding the perfect location, how to determine population base and on how to negotiate a lease information. Writing a business plan is a third step to prepare for one of the person to get interview with the bank, the person need to do their homework. Creating a business plan that outlines of the particular restaurant and how it will plan to make it profitable, will show the loan officer to mean business. Also make sure arrived at the bank with all the necessary paperwork, including personal income statements, tax returns and anything else the banker ask for like a the reason need a business plan, writing a restaurant business plan and be get ready for the bank interview. Fourthly, selecting the perfect restaurant name. However, the restaurant names may reflect a theme, a location, or simply be a play on words. The important thing to consider is the impression it will leave on customers. Select a name that will be easy to customers to remember and spell. Nothing is more frustrating than not being able to find a restaurant online or in the Yellow Pages because of the arent spelling it correctly of choosing a restaurant name and also restaurant names that inspire to the own restaurant and for the customer. Firth thing is writing the menu on what to be prepared for the customer on different types of theme and so on. The menu must is a huge part of your restaurant. After all, it is essentially why the customers keep coming back because the customer love the food. Not only this, the layout and design is just as important as whats listed on the menu. Avoid amateur looking menu designs, such as clip art or photocopied handwriting. Finally, knowing how to price the menu will help increase your profit margins, giving you more money to invest into a new restaurant and based on how the price of the menu, menu design and creativity and tips for the writing a restaurant menu and others. Lastly, the need to consider when it want to open a restaurant is equipping of the restaurant. Outfitting of the restaurant kitchen, dining room and bar is the largest part to start up budget. Moreover, shop around for bargain deals of used equipment and leased equipment. Also understanding needs and wants is important in avoiding the pitfalls of buying unnecessary furniture and equipment, which can set the way over budget. Begin with the basics, and once the have those you can pick up a few extras. For examples five tips for stocking of the restaurant, why need a POS System and benefits of leased equipment. 2.3 How can get the customer ? By forming strategic alliances event facilities. After a concert or sporting event, people are hungry and want to eat. Remember that people sometimes travel long distances for this event, do not want to go home with an empty stomach. Beside this, after the concert finished, the restaurant was packed with concert audiences. It can be do a part to promote upcoming events happening in the restaurant. Furthermore, participate in competitions one of the greatest ways to get media attention and therefore, to get the new business is to win the contest. Such as, enter the chef in a cooking contest. Read publication restaurant and browse the internet to find out about a contest that be may able to enter. If all else fails, create the own contest and invite local restaurants to participate. So even if you lose, the more still will generate great publicity and get new customers to the door. Demographics factors is the socioeconomic characteristics of a population articulated statistically, such as age, sex, occupation, religion, martial status, birth rate, death rate and income rate and others. Considering these factors when opening up a business like a restaurant not only helps the owner target specific customers, but can also be an advantage in the business environment itself. Moreover, determining whether or not an owner wants to have a family orientated restaurant over and above a fine dining restaurant usually targeted at adults only, is a prime example of how demographic factors can affect the choice of what type of establishment is going to be run. 2.4 Conclusion Overall of this assignment its a starting a restaurant business, owners and managers need to take into consideration the competitive industry that they are about to invest in. The performance of a given service may vary across service providers, service employees, consumers and service encounters. starting with a good concept will dictate the food menu, the location, the dà ©cor, and all other important facets of the business. Finally, in achieving a successful restaurant business and attracting and keeping clientele, strategies such as customer referrals, networking, merchandising and target marketing are inexpensive yet effective ways of doing so.

Case Study On Managing Cultural Diversity Management Essay

Case Study On Managing Cultural Diversity Management Essay Is diversity good for business. The awareness of benefits from managing diversity is becoming more and more explicit during daily human resource management work. The diversity management is an important strategy of the human resource management which to promote the perception, acknowledgement and implementation of diversity in organization and institutions. It may lead to a common interest between employers and employees. The conflict associated with diversity management is inevitable according to its principal. On the other hand such collide would be regarded as a generator of new methods, viewpoints, interests, creativity and way of solving issues as well. Whether diversity is a potential performance barrier or a value-added action is determined by institutions policies. In the first part of this essay, what is diversity management, why it is essential and what would benefit from by organizations will be discussed. In the last part of the essay will analysis cultural change model and present approaches to diversity from practical case before conclusion. The human resource plans and policies are designed by the management to achieve some goal (Alexander Lewer, 1998), such as attracting, retaining and effectively making use of labor resources in all kinds of organizations, from profitable companies to education facilities, from government departments to supermarkets. As a strategy of human resource management, diversity management is a daily increasing perspective of tackling with impacts from employees with different background. Diversity is defined into two dimensions from peoples social and cultural identities. It refers to the ways people differ from each other. The primary dimensions described as peoples fundamental characters, such as age, ethnicity, gender, physical abilities, race and so on. The secondary dimensions refer to persons self definition via educational background, income, marital status, religious beliefs etc. Both of the dimensions may hold the same status of daily cultural impact on a multicultural organization. Cultural diversity is a specific area in diversity, which focus on peoples characters labeled culturally, including gender, age, ethnicity, race, and also lifestyle, immigrant status and language facility. Cultural diversity management is aimed at taking advantage of staffs different cultural background to increase their motivation and creativity, further to bring a successful close to strategy. Increasing diversity management can be a double-edging sword. Although the awareness of cultural diversity in workforce is becoming day by day better recognized by organizations, it is often effectively limited due to the passively abidance of legal compliance and human rights protection. Based on theory and research, inappropriate implementations can create barrier to high performance. Firstly, diversity can increase misunderstanding and conflict among employees from different cultural background. Compared with more homogeneous group, the former group may experience lower levels of social attraction and competitiveness. Secondly, too much diverse leads to harassment and discrimination behaviors. As different managers hold different opinions of managing cultural diversity, different approaches can be implemented. One of the simplest methods is avoiding diversity. However the reality is for most multinational organizations, it is not feasible. How to take advantage of cultural diversi ty without suffering enormous disbenefit is the main issue faced by employers. Another side of the diversity sword is that well managed diversity can catalyze the performance of organizations at different aspect, which means a value-added activity. First of all, well implemented approaches create an image of fairness and respect for all people which is an ideal working environment for staff. These terms are listed in formal statements of policy in every organization in the world, but unless the company has effective and ongoing strategies, those clauses are just another meaningless and hopeful fairy tale without princess. Whats more, employees from different cultural background diversify solutions of problems, decision making, skills and allocation of resources (Gardner Plamer, 1992), which can provide a larger pool of ideas and experiences. The organization can draw from that pool to meet Business strategy and the customers needs more effectively. And also provide individual talents, creativity and experiences (e.g. languages, cultural understanding) from div erse culture. This may allows a company to provide a global service to customers and also improve their marketing strategies. In addition, opinions from diverse cultural background enhance critical analysis in decision-making groups. In a series of research studies, Charlene Nemeth found that groups subjected to minority views were better at critically analyzing decision issues and alternatives than those that were not. The essay will analysis diversity using cultural change model (Taylor Cox Jr, 2001) in the next part. Model for Cultural Change Figure attached reveals a model for organizational implementations to tackle the impacts of diversity (Taylor Cox. Jr , 2001). Every element from this model should be considered as an effective organizational change. Following the flow of the arrows suggests, every element is influenced by the diversity and continually interacts with each other in the process of self learning. Leadership Leadership is a behavior that establishes an objective for improvement which provides a sense of urgency and importance for the vision. The orientation of change is also called vision. Meanwhile it also generates motivation of others, and brings an ideal environment for achievement of the vision. At the same time, a leader should be involved in vision, establish the adequate organization design and integrate the diversity management with the companys business strategy. It is absolutely the most essential element for change. As its vital role of a diversity change effort, leadership is on the top of the list while implementing diversity. Leaders are those who have influence with other members within the organization, such as CEOs, heads of unites of organizations or divisions, HR staff members with diversity assignments and head of labor unions. In order to achieve fully effectiveness of the implementations, the change should satisfy these conditions: (1) leadership starts at the executive; (2) it takes generations of administration to make the effort work, and (3) leadership should present directly without delegate. First of all, to be fully effective, leadership on diversity must start at the top. A change of presidents would produce a noticeable slow-down in progress toward the goals that were laid out for diversity excellence. Although other members of the leadership team below the CEO level, including the head of the HR function and several engineering managers, continue to work on the diversity change effort, the effort lost momentum that was never recovered. Secondly, it takes many leaders to achieve the final goal. In Alcoa, for example, a remarkable progress of cultural diversity owe to leaders at different levels of management chain. In 1999, the executive vice president George Bergeron included an assessment of progress on the diversity goals of the company as part of the incentive compensation formula for all managers reporting to him. Partly as a result of this action, the business units under his authority were all active in working the change model and achieved remarkable progress in the first year of work (Taylor Cox, 2001). Eventually, unless there is someone taking the responsibility of making change, the effort made to diversity would doom to failure. Research Measurement Research is a method of collecting data by which people solve problems about environmental element or phenomenon (Taylor Cox Jr, 2001). In the context of organizational effort on diversity, such problems are specified as: (1) gender distribution which regarded as a question about element and (2) whether an employees job performance is influenced by age is categorized as the relationship between elements. Measurement indicates approaches to record the effectiveness of diversity change. This part of model explains several questions of using data, including how to create criteria to implementation with data, how to use data to improve awareness of diversity, how to evaluate the environment for diversity and how to critic progress has been made. Take Alcoa as an example, there was a significant meeting of managing department in both business unit and resource unit, which regarded as a watershed event in leader commitment. Data presented on diversity of this meeting based on surveys and interviews at around five different locations of the organization. Some quotations were wrote down during the interviews with employees from every grade of job, and written on board and showed around the meeting room. Then the leaders walked around and read the messages, some of which approved to run counter to companys elemental values and policies. This is just a simple experience of using internal data, which became a motivate activity for forming support of the diversity effort at A lcoa. As is shown above, research and measurement are fundamental to the diversity management process, while using data to act on improvements means using data to increase commitment, enhance training, diagnosing the climate for diversity and measure progress (Taylor Cox Jr, 2001). Education Education refers to trainings and practices of any change effort. As a core feature of way to diversity, approaches of learning must diversified to fulfill its original purpose. Employees showed great conscious of diversity during the training period, many of which would not last long after training procedure. In order to deliver a remarkable education on diversity and collect better return from investment on diversity training, an educating design should based on certain ingredients: content, format and logistics, participants, and facilitation. Firstly, the content of training on diversity should be critical hence multidimensional. Each dimension is specified into different substance, for instance, to specify the required subtopics, to indicate the relationship among topics and to illustrate the type of the content. Secondly, the format and logistics of a diversity education are determined by time and approaches of the training. The effectiveness of training is not only influenced by the length of training period, but also affected by the way of using time. For example, instead of a one-day-six-hour exhausting boredom, a two hour well sequenced training program of three days is more effective and efficient. Thirdly, in the participant perspective, how large the trainee group, how many fields and levels of the employee, and the preparation for the participants should be considered before education. For example, a two-hour diversity education practice with an objective of simply understanding the business reasons of investing in diversity improvement was held by a division of General Motors. Based on a clear and narrow objective, and presented by a one-way communication, the training process was highly effective with the large group. Lastly, facilitation is the finial main element affecting education, including way to open and close the training, to handle with sensitive topic, and to create internal expertise. Alignment of management system Management system is the intermedium of managing, such as organizational policy, implement, regulation, or process. This covers main human resource practice, like recruitment, promotion, development, and even work conditions, or the physical design of working environment. These systems must interlink with one another as an organization is a social system. Before implementing alignment assignment, three components: time, space and people should be considered. To start with, time factor is the time which is scheduled for the work performance. It contains length of working period, use of overtime, time-off policies (holiday, leave and vacation), and retirement policies. What is fundamental and simple that, if a company has flexible time-off policies, it would be better to attract, retain, and motivate diverse employees. Muslim could decide whether or not work at their prayer time in a multinational company, and Chinese workers might enjoy their reunion with their families at Spring Festival. Whats more, space factors have to do with the physical working surroundings, including the neatness of working place, the barriers between different individual employees and so on. Eventually the people factor could be expended as recruitment, promotion, bonus, performance measurement, and career trajectories development and succession planning. People factors are designed to retain human resource and achieve the employment outcomes. As described in this chapter, there are large amount of issues in these three areas must be considered under the change for diversity. Nevertheless, any of them should not be tackled independently. Follow-up This factor contains adjusting the learning loop and establishing accountability for the results, so that the action processes become more and more accurate, hence the management system becomes more and more effective on diversity. In order to maintain effective and reasonable follow-up while changing towards diversity, a series of specific activities should be contained in the follow-up procedure, including make use of plan reviews, keep record, provide motivation for good behavior ,and control knowledge retention and transfer. In reality, Alcoa has a motivate reward plan provides bonus besides the base salary. Like many companys, the bonus reward on job performance is yearly issued. For higher-level managers, the bonus from holding stock might generate a fortune of hundreds of thousands of dollars for a CEO. Even middle-level managers would have tens of thousands of dollars according to their performance under the whole organizational strategy. It is a very practical but extremely effective incentive. When efforts towards diversity failed, it would be always traced back to poor following. When the following is poor, the whole orientation would collapse. Conclusion Based on Taylors cultural change model, which indicates a process of changing effort meeting the impacts from managing cultural diversity in a company, the way towards harmonious diverse workplace is brambly. Efforts should be made in each corner of the organization, from line worker to executive of division, from sales people to technical team and marketing staff, from London branch to Delhi branch. Diversity is based on certain intentions: labor force is the most valuable resource, every employee should be treated with respect and equality, and equal opportunities for people of all groups. In order to achieve diversity in organization or even country, it takes not only moral obligation to accomplish their orientation, but also generations of unremitting endeavor, hence the demand of building diversity organization is more than a requirement of maximizing business performance.

Comparing Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slav

Comparing Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl What provokes a person to write about his or her life? What motivates us to read it? Moreover, do men and women tell their life story in the same way? The answers may vary depending on the person who answers the questions. However, one may suggest a reader elects to read an autobiography because there is an interest. This interest allows the reader to draw from the narrator's experience and to gain understanding from the experience. When the reader involves him/herself in the experience, the reader encounters what is known and felt by the narrator. The encounter may provide the reader an opportunity to explore a time and place long past. Reading the narratives of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs, one identifies a period when the slave's voice begins to emerge. Douglass and Jacobs emerge during the American Renaissance period. During this period, society struggles with the abolishment of slavery and women's rights. Douglass and Jacobs' narratives awaken society to the atrocities of slavery confirmed by their personal experiences. The American Renaissance, distinguished as an intellectual and artistic period, now includes, among others, Douglass and Jacobs brutal historical accounts. Douglass and Jacobs' narrative presence represents the voice slaves who desire freedom from bondage. In Trudy Mercer's "Representative Woman: Harriet Jacobs and the Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl," she suggests both narratives work as propaganda: The slave narratives of pre-Civil War America may exemplify the earliest and most dramatic uses of the "personal as political," and the sharing of experiences ... ... the Autobiographies of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs." Melus. 22.4 (Winter 1997): 91-108. 16 April 2002 http://relayweb.hwwilsonweb.com/cgi-bin/webclient.pl?sp.usernumber.p=513630&url=yes&sp.nextform=show. Douglass, Frederick. "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Laughter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. 1871-1880. Jacobs, Harriet Ann. "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. 1962-1985. McFreely, William S. Frederick Douglass. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991. Mercer, Trudy. Harriet Ann Jacobs Author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. "Representative Woman: Harriet Jacobs and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl." 16 April 2002.

Psychiatrist interviewing Heathcliff :: English Literature

Psychiatrist interviewing Heathcliff Psychiatrist: Hello, my name is Dr. Patel from the university of Bombay. I am here with a man whom has been to my surgery plenty of times to ask for advice and help, his name is Heathcliff. He is here to talk about his revenge on the people of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. So lets ask him how all this began and turned out. Hello Heathcliff, how can I help you? Heathcliff: I feel like I need to take revenge on some people that have treated me wrongly in the past. How could I refrain from doing this? Psychiatrist: Well, before I can make a judgment why don't you tell me a bit more about yourself. Heathcliff: Well, this all goes back to my childhood. I was found wondering the streets of Liverpool by a man named Mr. Earnshaw. Mr. Earnshaw already had two children by the names of Hindley and Catherine. During my time with the Earnshaw's, their son, Hindley, didn't treat me like one of the family. Hindley treated me as a slave because his father thought more of me than he did his other children. Obviously jealously was brought out of Hindley because of this. Hindley only began to treat me like this after his father had passed away because he inherited Wuthering Heights. Psychiatrist: I see, is this man Hindley the only person you feel you have to have revenge on. Heathcliff: No, there is another man by the name of Edgar Linton. The main reason I feel I need to bring revenge on this man is because he married the woman I loved. Psychiatrist: Yes, can you explain yourself a bit better about the subject? Heathcliff: During my time with the Earnshaw's I began to fall in love with their daughter, Catherine. I had loved her for a long time until one day I over-heard Catherine telling someone that she cannot marry me on account of my poor social standing. After this I left Withering Heights only to discover that she had married Edgar Linton just because he was an heir of a wealthy neighbouring family. Psychiatrist: OK, what else do you know about Edgar Linton? Heathcliff: I know that he was an heir to an estate called Thrushcross Grange. Psychiatrist: During your absence from Wuthering Heights what happened? Heathcliff: Whilst I was away from Wuthering Heights I decided that I should try to earn some money to keep me going, so I constantly read the employment page of every newspaper in England. Eventually I found an advertisement for a job as a courier, so I accepted it. I had arrived at work only to find it was a drugs courier's job.

Readings on Sexuality and Racism :: Sexuality Sex Racism Racist Essays

Readings on Sexuality As I begun to read chapter four I thought that it would be one of the most interesting and informative for me. The further I got in to the reading I realized I couldn’t relate too much of what was said. The first concept I chose was a basic for the chapter, sexuality is not instinctive but learned from our families, our peers, sex education in school, popular culture, negotiations with partners, and listening to our own bodies. I have never thought about my sexuality in that way. As I read I was asking myself, where did I learn to be so sexual, where did it come from? I never realized what I had learned along the way or who from. The second concept I found interesting was that of the word â€Å"vagina.† As the book has said, for many women the word vagina is associated with shame, embarrassment, and silencing, even violation. As I remember I saw a version of The Vagina Monologues at Portland State a few years back and as comfortable as I thought I was with my gender and sexuality I did feel embarrassed. I felt a little ashamed, but as the production went on I found it entertaining. I grew more and more comfortable as the play went on. I also found interesting V-Day College Initiative, a nationwide project to celebrate women and oppose sexual violence. I have never heard of this â€Å"V-Day,† a day for women to come together. One fact I found very interesting was that of the law passed in the state of Alabama on the ban on the sale or distribution of vibrators and other â€Å"devices designed or marketed as primarily useful for the stimulation of human genital organs.† Politics, religion, and other social institutions put limitations on women’s sexuality and sexual expression. It’s not fair for old men passing these laws to tell me what I can and cannot do with my own body; it disgusts me and it hard to think that it still happens today. The third concept happens to be a definition that struck me as interesting, virgin. The word virgin did not originally mean a woman whose vagina was untouched by any penis, but a free woman, one not married, not bound to, not possessed by any man. A woman who is sexually and socially her own person. Why has that definition changed into something held to such high standards?

Theories of Unemployment

Theories of Unemployment: The article that I took was from the Irish Independent which was printed on the Wednesday 2nd February 2011. 5,700 more jobless signing on The number of people signing on for benefits increased by more than 5,700 in the last 12 months, official figures revealed today. There were 442,677 people on the dole in January, taking the unemployment  rate to 13. 4pc – a slight fall on the previous month. Separate figures compiled by the Government revealed there were 4,893 redundancies in January. Labour enterprise spokesman  Willie Penrose  said more than 400,000 people have been on the dole for 20 months. Everyone knows that the figure would be even higher, were it not for the phenomenon of resumed emigration,† he said. â€Å"Nothing summarises the dismal failure of this Government as much as their record on unemployment. † The Live Register – which recorded a fall of 6,900 people signing on last month alone, according to new measur ements of seasonal factors – has seen its smallest overall increase for January in three years. Avine McNally, director of the Small Firms Association, said it appeared the unemployment crisis has stabilised. Small firms are the ‘engines of recovery' and real and meaningful growth will come from the small business sector, but that is unlikely to happen for some time yet, as many firms are struggling to survive, due to cashflow difficulties, input costs from Government-administered sectors, and restricted access to credit,† she said. Umbrella trade union group Congress said the harsh fact was that the true number of people signing on increased by thousands last month. Paul Sweeney, the group's economic adviser, said: â€Å"The cold fact is that that there are a frightening 273,000 less people at work today in  Ireland  compared to 2007.Furthermore, net emigration will be over 60,000 this year. â€Å"Jobs are the biggest challenge for any new Government. † Youth Work Ireland, which represents 22 voluntary youth groups, said unemployment is the number one issue in Irish society. Spokesman Michael Mc Loughlin said: â€Å"If young people drift into long term unemployment in substantial numbers it may be hard to rescue that situation when any recovery occurs. † He added: â€Å"There must be a dedicated jobs strategy for young people if we are to avoid a return to the massive migration of the 1980s which so decimated communities. â€Å"Increased emigration amongst young people is a major economic issue as this group has been very well educated, now a different country will reap the benefit of this investment and Ireland will lack the people and the skills to build a smart economy. † Reetta Suonpera, senior economist with business lobby group Ibec, said: â€Å"Although some sectors such as construction will continue to lose jobs during 2011, overall the situation in the labour market is stabilising and unemployment is now nearing its peak. Fine Gael  enterprise spokesman  Richard Bruton  said emigration was acting like a pressure valve on the unemployment figures. â€Å"This is a crisis. Ireland's unemployment crisis is crying out for a targeted solution,† he said. Mr Bruton claimed Fine Gael was the only party to have put forward a credible jobs plan which it could implement if put into power. â€Å"The other political parties just don't have the plans for jobs,† he said. â€Å"Labour's high-tax approach won't get people working, and  Fianna Fail  is a busted flush on the economy.Fine Gael is the only party with a credible plan to get the economy working. † The way in which this article is written is from neoclassical point of view which is most common in western societies. Even though it is not mentioned the author of the article and some contributors are talking about Full Employment, when the optimum number of people are either employed within the economy. In this article they feel at the moment the Irish economy has Full Employment.That is due to that at the moment there are not any new jobs available and the fact that due to emigration the Irish work force is getting smaller due to the fact people are leaving the country. As we can see this follows the neoclassical idea as the labour market moves toward full employment automatically. The reason in which that the levels of unemployment are so at this time is due to the fact that consumers are unwilling to spend money on goods and services as a lot of people are having problems with their current so employees need to make less produce so they are been forced to lose their jobs.This is due to the law of diminishing marginal productivity of labour, when you employ someone it is the how many extra goods they do or don’t produce compared to the last employee. If you have 10 employees and your tenth employee makes 9 goods a week but your ninth employee makes 11 goods a week, the tenth emplo yee makes 2 less than the ninth employee so it makes sense to make the tenth employee redundant as you are not making any money off that employee. Another reason for the fall in employment is the cost to an employer to employ his employees.The neoclassical believe that when wages are flexible then you will get full employment. However a reason for unemployment is that these wages were not flexible but were very rigid. Rigidities were caused by labour unions, minimum wage legislation or other anti-competitive practices. Labour unions in the time of economic growth asked for wage raises which they got but in a time of economic recession they are unwilling for their employees take a pay cut but instead this leads to many more employees been laid off.There is also a similar truth in the minimum wage legislation, it was at a good level during the boom years but when the recession hit it was clear that the government didn’t readjust the level to try and help more people on minimum wage to keep their job during the time of economic recession. At the current time some of these rigidities have been removed so we are now approaching full employment. The Irish people have one of the highest rates of unemployment in Europe at the moment with a rate of 13. % and in a twelve month period more than 5,700 signed on for benefits. At the moment the number of people on the dole is 442,677. In the article it is said that small businesses will kick start the economy but at the moment it won’t happen as there are cash flow problems, excess costs been put on businesses by the government and there is restricted access to credit by the reluctance of banks to lend money out as they cannot afford to write off more bad loans and put them into NAMA as well.They also state that at the moment certain sectors like construction will still see many more redundancies but sectors like the smart economy will see growth in the coming years. They are also trying in the article to say that the current unemployment is stabilising and hopefully in the next coming months and years there will be an upturn in the levels of unemployment and there will be fall in emigration aswell.

Political Inquiry Terms and Definitions

investigate Design * keen header, bad explore * Involves connecting theory and selective learning. * Maximising leverage by using very few varyings to explain many effects. * Reports on the degree of consequence of results. * set ups true causal kin, not undecomposed correlation. * Provides accu sum up in bringation and accounts for opposite variables. * Determines if the relationship is uni p frontmost-class honours degreeional. * Purpose of look * To establish a relationship in the midst of two or much(prenominal) variables * To demonst rove that the results be princip everyy true in the real realness and not in except a concomitant context. To reveal whether nonp atomic number 18il phenomenon precedes an new(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) in m, establish time state * To eliminate as many modifynate definitions for the rein finding as accomplishable * Choice of invent * What affects * Is query searching, descriptive or explanatory * What atomic number 18 the applicatory limitations in investigating theory. * Experimental initiation * Classical experimental mark, 2 chemical compendiums, pre and channel screen, randomisation, * Simple venture t on the wholey exclusively post trial run * Repeated broadsheet visualize, measure how dogged effect takes to start. triune pre and post tests. Multi separate design, much than 2 meetings, provoke discriminate varied levels of experimental variable. * disarrange dramatics experiments, applies logic of randomisation and variable manipulation * Non-randomised quasi-experiments. Purposeful selectionax, tar recrudesce a trusted root word. * Non-experimental design undivided group, no obtain everywhere appointee and inbred c everyplaceing of IV, inability to measure DV. * Case depicted object small N designs. Provide expatiate explanation * Comparative epitome compargon two or somewhat(prenominal) units in relative detail * contract group gather bree ding more or less reception to certain IV. abide bys life sur daring number of peck measured to find causal relationships. * substance entropy synopsis variables atomic number 18 averages or percentages of geographical aras, find causal relationships. * longitudinal designs, time span. * Trend abbreviation beat on very(prenominal) variables at disparate time menstruations to examine changes. * Panel analysis go ons a group of participants. * Intervention analysis measurement of change in the DV is traced and taken in the showtime place and after. No interaction, genuine thoughtfulness. * Ethnographies form of info collection through with(predicate) participant observation, interviews and questionnaires.Field studies * Content analysis textual analysis, poll of put downs, write. * What they make water in harsh * They all share the basic objectives of look for design despite having different levels of native and external daring. Using some(prenom inal) designs unitedly result cover separately early(a)s shortfall. * They all attempt to railroad tie sound conclusions supported by manifest evidence * Terms * Causal vs false * Both turn in correlation surrounded by IV and DV, simply in spurious the change in DV be character 3rd actor ca employ changed in both. Causal is a school relationship. 5 different relationships. double causes without chain.Multiple causes with chain. Multiple causes that affect DV, but are changed with the mental home of an otherwisewise(a) variable. Spurious causality with root word variable. Chain causality with intervening variable. * Co variableness * Demonstrates that the IV does in fact covary with DV. not causal relationship yet. * Time order * Show that the IV precedes DV. Effect bednot appear forrader cause. * Alternative causes * Confounding component split. Factors that possible cause a change in DV as well. * Randomised reignled experiments * Experiments that al unhopefu l the police detective to control the exposure to the IV through assignments to groups. pickax and separate all randomised. * Experimental design * The panache in which the researcher controls exposure to test IV. 5 different designs. * Control group * The group of subjects that does not receive experimental treatment or test stimulus. * Pre-test * meter of the DV prior to administration of IV or experimental treatment. * Post test * step of the DV after administration. * Internal vs external legitimateity * Internal validity is the ability to array that manipulation or mutation of the IV rattling causes change in DV. * remote validity is the ability to widely distributedise from unrivaled set of research findings to other situations. annals * A brat to internal validity. Events other than the experimental stimulus that occur betwixt pretest and posttest measurements. * Along with maturation * Testing * When amount the DV prior to the stimulus alerts the subjects of the research objectives. * plectrum bias * Bias due to the assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups according to round criterion and not randomly. A threat to internal validity. * Experimental mortality * A differential loss of subjects from experimental and control groups that affects the equivalency of groups threat to internal validity * prick decay A change in the instrument use to measure the DV, care different researcher conducting pretest and posttest. * Demand feature articles * Aspects of the research situation that cause participants to guess at the investigators goals and adjust their demeanour or opinions accordingly. essay to stand by. * Simple post test * equivalent to classical. Experimental group undecided but control not, plainly post test is conducted. * Repeated measure design * Contains several pre and post test measurements to cognise exactly how quickly the effect of the freelancer variable should be discover or how reliable pr etest measurement of DV should be taken. Multi-group design * there are more than one experimental r control group created so different levels of the IV terminate be compared. foot withdraw both pre and post test or just one. * Field experiments * They are experimental designs that are applied in a inhering orbit. Adopts logic of randomisation and variable manipulation. * Non-experimental design * They are designs that do not fol small-scale the experimental model of two groups and cook controlled exposure to IV. They are more hard-nosed to do but are not as unafraid in toll of establishing causal relationships. * Case study * all-round(prenominal) and in depth study of a iodine oddball or several models.Provide expand explanations * Comparative analysis * compare betwixt two or several units in relative detail * Focus group * Often use to restrain reactions to the introduction of the IV. Has a group of masses who meet at a single location * Surveys * Measurement o f DV and IV at the similar time. Respondents report their exposure to respective(a) factors. No assignment to groups, examines groups basd on determine of IV, measurement of DV to conceive differences between groups. * sum of property entropy analysis * Variables that are displayed as averages or percentages, to find causality. Trend analysis and longitudinal design * Measurements on said(prenominal) variables at different time f offset rates to see the changes ca apply by the IV on the DV. No manipulation of variables. Multiple measurements. * Panel study * A study that follows a group of participants where the corresponding units are measured at different clock. * Panel mortality * Refers to the participants in the panel study who drop out. prescribe? * Intervention analysis. * Looks at the occurrence of the IV as an observation. Looking at the DV before and after IV. Works best when IV happens in a brief period in time and brief in nature.Measure tho before and after event. writings Review * Purpose of Literature polish, 7 * To see what has and has not been investigated * To develop general explanations for discovered variations in a conduct or a phenomenon * To identify authority relationships between concepts and to identify researchable hypothesis * To mark off how others fix set upd and measured tonality concepts * To identify selective information sources that other researches apply apply * To develop alternative research designs * To discover how a research hurtle is referd to the work of others. * What constitutes a literary full treatment review It is made of different applicable articles that provide more insight into head * It should supporter arrive at a good research issuance * It should show what has and has not been researched * It provides a general explanation for variations in behaviour or phenomenon * It identifies researchable topics * It should help develop alternative research designs * beaver rules for collecting lit * Using electronic infobases like JSTOR, Web of Science and Google Scholar. * peeping by topic and key linguistic function, tardily limiting results, read the articles and find new words to narrow down the search. distinct by starting with a single article. accustom info base to find more relevant articles or other articles scripted by the same author. Use the citations in that first article. Find articles that give cited the first article. * Best flairs to spell out a literature review * It should deposit on scholarly sources * It must relate directly to topic * give up to flex familiar with as practically of the research before selecting the final sources. * Summarising of relevant literature that focuses on over-arching topics sort of than single articles. * accumulate all articles into something that makes sense. * Organising the topics ased upon the research question. * Identifying common themes or methodologies across the articles. * Discussion of conventional wisdom, illustrating how original politics has changed and identifying the flaws in past research. take * Terms * Population * all case or observations covered by a hypothesis, all the units of analysis to which a hypothesis applies. * essay * A subset of observations or cases worn from a specified world. * take in statistics * The electronic computer of a commonwealth feature articles or prop that is cipher from savour data * Advantages and disadvantages of consumes Advantages * It is cheaper and lower-ranking time overpowering as compared to using universe * more cheerful. * Disadvantages * They underside be less accurate or more prone to error * Some studies do not use take in, like case studies. * Population parameter * A characteristic or attribute of a nation that moveful be quantified. * Estimator * A statistic based on model observations that is utilize to estimate the numeralal value of an foreigner population parameter. * Elemen t * A limited case or entity about which information is collected, the unit of analysis. When to use a savor * Practicality. When data from an extremely large population is required, it is impossible to interview or tone-beginning all(prenominal) and every subject. Thus taste is require because although the exemplification statistics entrust not exactly equal the corresponding value, they will be reasonably close if exemplification diffusion is done correctly. * Sampling environ * The point population in which the prove is veritablely drawn from. * Random digit recollect dial purpose of and how and why it works * It is a procedure used to improve the congresswomanness of tele remember amples by giving both contestationed and un enumerateed numbers a discover of woof. * It is used to overcome the problem of cell phone numbers which are unlisted * It works by randomly dialling numbers. * It works because it gives all numbers, whether listed or not a chance to get dia lled. * Sampling unit * The entity listed in a take in frame. Maybe same as an share or group. * Sample bias * The bias that occurs whenever some elements of a population are consistently excluded from a sample. It is commonly due to an incomplete sampling frame or a non- hazard method of selecting elements. Probability sample types, pros and cons * Sample for which each element has a known fortune of organism included in the sample * Types * Simple random samples each element has an equal chance of being selected. * Pros each element has an equal chance of being selected. * Cons * It is not truly random, small patterns of selection strength appear. * Obtaining a list of the absolute population is not possible, reducing the probability. * systemic samples elements are selected from a list at predetermined intervals * Pros It is easier to apply than simple random. * utile when dealing with a very large population size. * Cons * May result in biased sampling if elements on t he list have been ranked according to a characteristic. The list contains a pattern that corresponds to the sampling interval. * Stratified samples elements sharing one or more characteristics are grouped and elements are selected from each group in equipoise to the groups representation in the total population * Pros * Homogeneous populations, lilliputian sample seize is aimed to succeed accuracy. * Cons Heterogeneous populations need a much larger sample to be accurate. * proportionable samples stratify samples where each stratum is de crimpate in proportion to its size in the population. * Pros * Very representative of the population * Cons * not good with heterogeneous populations * Disproportionate samples stratified samples in which elements sharing a characteristic are under-represented or over-represented. * Pros * When the sample size is to a fault small, can be used to increase it easily. * Cons * May not be representative of the population if weight factor is not used. Cluster samples the sampling frame initially consists of clusters of elements * Pros * Used when no list of elements personifys and to create one would be excessively expensive. * Reduces field work monetary values * Cons * There is greater imprecision. Samples are not representative of population. * Non-probability samples types, pros and cons * Each element has an unmapped probability of being included in the sample * Types * Purposive samples when a researcher exercises respectable discretion over what observations to study. * Pros * crumb translate more from conservatively selected unusual cases. Cons * Not accurately representative of population. * whatchamacallit sample elements are included because they are convenient and easy for the research to select * Pros * Convenience * Large numbers easy to get * Cons * Unknown accuracy * Quota sample elements are sampled in proportioned to their representation in the population. * Pros * Similar to proportionate samplin g, but subjects chosen purposefully. * Cons * Selection bias * Snowball sample respondents are used to identify other persons who might qualify for inclusion into the sample * Pros Good for relatively selective and rare populations * kin between samples and statistical inferences * Statistical inferences is the numeric theory and techniques for make conjunctures about the unknown characteristics of the population based on samples. fashioning inferences about a population. * Trying to define more clearly what supportable gist * Samples provide an estimate of population attributes and whitethorn be off from the true population parameter. The difference is the level of precision lost. * 3 types of errors in inference anticipate values or sampling error * Expected value is the average value of a sample statistic based on reiterate samples of the population. * Sampling error is the difference between a sample estimate and a corresponding population parameter that arises because only a portion of the population is observed * Standard errors * The standard parenthesis or measure of a division or dispersion of a sampling statistical scattering * Provides a numerical extension of the variation in sample estimates * Sampling distributions. A theoretical non-observed distribution of sample statistics calculated on samples on size N that, if known, permits the calculation of confidence intervals and the test of statistical hypothesis * Describes the mean, variation and shape of the distribution that is based on an independently and randomly drawn population. * It allows researchers to calculate the probability that sample statistics fall inwardly certain distances of the population parameter. * Sampling error * the difference between a sample estimate and a corresponding population parameter that arises because only a portion of the population is observed * Standard error The standard deviation or measure of a variability or dispersion of a sampling distrib ution * Provides a numerical indication of the variation in sample estimates * reliance * How much error this is in a sample. The degree of belief or probability that an estimate range of values includes or covers population parameter. * Sample distribution * Describes the mean, variation and shape of the distribution that is based on an independently and randomly drawn population. * Sample size. * 100 (11% +/-) * 600 (5% +/-) * 1000 (4% +/-) * 1500 (3% +/-) 4000 (2% +/-) Observations * Terms * duodecimal vs qualitative data * Quantitative data involves a large amount of data and its involves numeric manipulation * Qualitative data involves small number of cases, more in depth and it relies on quotations, comments, anecdotes and other written evidence to support arguments * Both test to explain trends or patterns through systematically collected data. * Data collection, how do we demand the best direction, characteristics of * How to strike the best manner * Depends on the qu estion * Depends on the sample Depends on which constitutes the best measures, validity of the measurements that a particular method will allow. * Depends on cost and availability, some are more observable than others, some less expensive. * Depends on the reactivity to the collection by the population. * demand honorable implications. * Characteristics * Primary and secondary data * IRB, what role it plays and the significance of it * Institutional review board, a must for any test involving human subjects. * It is guided by 3 principles respect for persons, beneficence and justice. The role it plays s to ensure that all research conducted will not harm any individuals, cognize that they are autonomous and there is distribution of benefits to participants. To ensure that no estimable boundaries are crossed. * Its significance is that it has removed all unethical research to be done, but this limits the carriage data is collected. Thus researchers must choose the benefits vs t he burden of the research. * Observation, types and pros and cons basic distinction is direct and indirect. * Direct * Allows researchers to view things in natural setting more often than laboratory. Field study or ethnography. Observation in lab gives more control over environment * Pros * Natural settings allow population to act normally, increases validity * Researchers can observe for longer periods of time * Lab can give more control. * Cons * Lab can also mean that subjects know they are being observed and thus alter behaviour, low validity * Natural setting cannot control external effects and variables. * substantiating * Observation of physical traces of behaviour, essentially scout work. Inferences are made based on physical traces * two types of measures * Erosion Created by selective wear on some material. Looking at what has been eroded or removed, looking at what is left. * Accretion * Measures a phenomenon a manifested through the deposition and ingathering of ma terials. Seeing what has built up. * Pros * It raises less ethical issues than direct * Some materials or traces of them are more/less durable than other, making them more/less easy to measure, depending on the method. * slight obtrusive, much cheaper than alternatives * Cons * There are many threats to validity, prone to measurement problems * thunder mug be surd to make strong inferences * Participant Most field studies involve this, proverbial fly on the wall. law-abiding people for long periods of time. Assume a role or identity within the group. * Pros * Gain deep ingress into the group through informants * Natural setting * refer for long periods so changes in behaviour can be studied * Has a degree of accuracy and completeness that other methods cannot provide. * Cons * It is not viable for every question, some things are just unobservable, like voting * wish of control over the environment, inability to separate factors * May be invalid or biased, going native.Becomi ng part of the environment, perceived biased. * Difficulties with tabulator of study * Non participant * Same as direct. * Overt * Participants are aware of the investigators front line and intentions * Covert * Investigators presence is hidden or undisclosed. * Structured * Investigator looks for and systematically tempers the relative incidence of particular(prenominal) behaviours * Unstructured * All behaviour is considered relevant, at least at first, and recorded. * honorable issues and how to avoid * Negative repercussions from associating with researcher because of the researchers sponsors, nationality or outsider status. incursion of privacy * Stress during research interaction * Disclosure of behaviour or information to the researcher resulting in harm to the observed during or after the study. * How to avoid ethical proofreading * Assume everything and all identities will be discovered * Look at actual words in manuscript * When describing potentially unflattering th ings go from general to specific * Be general about federation at hand * Realise that data and research will be used again * Know what perspective and office is towards subject * Caution subjects multiple times Know study limitations and agreement are in advance * study other people edit sensitive portions. venture analysis * Types of records, pros and cons of utilization * Two types of records * caterpillar track produced by organisations rather than private citizens, carefully stored and easily admissioned and is on tap(predicate) for long periods of time. * Pros * minor cost in terms of money and time. * Accessibility * Covers more extensive period in time. * Extensive amounts of records * many an(prenominal) records are digitalised * Cons * At the mercy of those who keep the records, may or may not be biased. distrusts on recording keeping practices, may not be kept properly. * periodic records that are produced and preserved in a more casual, personal and accidenta l manner. Diaries and memoirs. most-valuable to political historians. * Pros * Used to illuminate phenomena rather than generate large sample * Provides different perspectives on certain phenomena. * Use qualitatively. * Cons * Gaining access to episodic records can be fractious, jam suitable materials is the most time consuming aspect of data collection * Many are not digitalised. Content analysis, procedures, pros and cons, intercoder reliableness * Refers to the use of excerpts, quotes, and examples from recorded documents to support and observation. * Can be both qualitative and denary in nature. * Procedures * Decide on trance sample, what materials to include in the analysis. * Define the recording or coding units, decide what is very going to be measured. * Choose categories of substance that are going to be measured, decision making the recording unit. How to measure what you want. Code words? Devise a system of reckoning for the content being coded, a numeric syste m based on what is being coded. Code for number of times X appears. * Pros * Gives researchers access to subjects that would otherwise be difficult to attain. * Raw data are usually nonreactive, no undesired influences on behaviour. * write records like newspapers have existed over long periods in time * They can be easily attained * It often enables us to increase sample size to a higher place what would be possible though every interviews or direct observation . * The cost of keeping records are borne by the keepers, it is low cost for those using them. Cons * Selective survival, record keepers may not preserve all pertinent materials, only selectively. Gaps may exist * Incompleteness. Gaps may exist due to fires losses of other types * Content may be biased. May be incomplete, selectively preserved, outside or falsified * Unavailable to researchers because they are classified. * They wishing a standard format because it is kept by different people. * Intercoder reliability * Refers to when two or more coders, using the same procedures, agree on how the content is analysed.The more times the coders make the same conclusions the same way, the more claims can be made. * create verbally records, pros and cons * Pros * Can be used when other means like direct observation or interviews are not possible. * fitting to use for large scale incarnate behaviour, cannot possibly interview all. * Raises fewer ethical issues than observation or interviewing. * No take chances to individuals as long as they are not identified in records. * Cheaper than other forms. * Not affected by time or history, what is recorded cannot be changed. * Cons * Gaining access may be difficult, classified Records not kept properly, or purposefully changed Survey research and interviews * definition and difference * come afters are a method of data collection that acts as an alternative to experiments or simulations. * sort of of manipulating an independent variable to view its ef fects, survey design examines the relationship between variables, rectify at establishing correlation rather than causation. * Types of surveys, pros and cons, * Personal, exhibit to face * tall cost * High to medium pass mop up rate * potentially high sample congruousness * tenacious to medium space * High data affect cost * Telephone specialty cost * fair closure rate * strong suit sample congruence * strong suit to short space * High to low data process cost * get off * lower-ranking cost * unhopeful completion rate * Medium sample congruence * Medium to short length * Medium data processing cost * telecommunicate * Low cost * Depends but low completion rate * Low sample congruence * Medium to short length * High to low data processing cost * Internet * Low costs * Depends but low completion rate * Low sample congruence * Medium to short length * High to low data processing costs * gathering administration * Very low costs * High once group is convened complet ion rate Depends on group selection process, sample congruence * Variable length * High to low data processing costs * Drop off/pick up. * Very low costs * Low completion rate * Low sample congruence * Short length * Low data processing costs. * Completion and reaction rates, significance of * Refers to the proportion of persons initially contacted who actually participate. * When the proportion of the persons contacted who actually participate is too low, the ability to make statistical inferences about the population is limited * in like manner little responses, cannot make inferences. * Cost * Time and money. Have to balance between costs and completion rate. * Data processing * Answers of the surveys still have to be tabulated. All data need to be coded in a way that a computer can process them. * Problem with open ended questions. Have to be transcribed and coded. * A major(ip) reason for adopting internet and foretell surveys. * Sample-population congruence * Refers to how well the sample subjects represent the population from which they are drawn * Biases can enter through the initial selection of respondents or through incomplete responses. * The closer the congruence, the more representative the sample, higher validity. Length * likewise long and respondents lose interest or start practiseing without care, get distracted. * Too short and not enough data is collected. * Well motivated participants can help with the problem. * Response quality * Cannot take the responses at face value. * Participants may not have the same interests or familiarity with certain topics. * sight may be reluctant to chatter their opinions to strangers. * Busy people wont answer truthfully. * Interview bias * Occurs when the interviewer influences the respondents answers, may have a larger effect on telephone surveys than in person surveys. Question types and wording, what to be careful for and why, pros and cons * Close-ended questions * Pros * Easier for people to an swer and takes little time * Easier to sort and tabulate data * Sensitive issues are better mated with close ended questions * Cons * Force respondents to choose from a list they may not agree with * Single sided and double sided questions that can affect responses * Single side, agree or disagree with a statement * Two sided, gives two alternative statements to choose. Problems of recall versus recognition, can prompt answers that would have otherwise been blank. pot dont know the answer but recall when seeing the choice. * Oversimplified and misrepresent picture of public opinion * unrestricted questions * Pros * Allows respondents to state what they know and think. * Good for situations where probably answers are not known. * Cons * Respondents may respond too much or too little. * Problem with recording answers, tedious and difficult to code, interpretations vary as well. * Processing data is time consuming. * Wording Wording is important, question clarity is vital to get va lid responses. Objectivity and clarity * Avoid * fork-like barrelled questions * Two questions in one. sometimes participants might not agree with first question but is made to in order to answer the second. * Ambiguous questions * adept that contains a concept that is not define clearly. * Participants may interpret the question wrongly. * wind questions * Reactive question. Encourages respondents to choose a particular response because the question indicates that the researcher expects it. * bighearted what the researcher wants, validity is off. Push polls. * Question order and effects * The order in which questions are presented may influence the reliability and validity of answers. Participants any answer other than or stop when they see certain questions. Can solve response set. * ramify questions * A question what sorts respondents into subgroups and directs them into different parts of the questionnaire * Filter questions * A question that screens respondents from conf licting questions. * Response set * Straight line responding. * May occur when a serial of questions have the same answer choices.Check the first few, then blindly check the rest. * file away surveys, pros and cons * Existing surveys that have been designed in the past and are readily available to use. * Pros * Very cheap, for those with no access to funding. * Less time is spent designing the surveys. * More reliable and higher quality, widely used thus more reliable. * Well written questions. * Cons * The questions are not what you want. * Interviews, definition, pros and cons. * Interviewing is the act of enquire individuals a series of questions and recording their responses.May be face to face or over the phone. * Pros * Sometimes asking questions is the only way * Elites can provide valuable information, but only through interviews. Focused interviews. * Can provide more comprehensive and detailed information, rich variety of perspectives. * Excellent form of data collectio n in exploratory studies. * Cons * Can be difficult to dole out * Have to take into account non-verbal cues and be willing to go off topic * Detailed note taking * face to face, strong necessity for interpersonal skills.